Category Archives: MICROBIOLOGY Project Topics sample

DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENCE AND CONCENTRATION OF SOME PHYTOCHEMICALS IN AVOCADO PEAR

DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENCE AND CONCENTRATION OF SOME PHYTOCHEMICALS IN AVOCADO PEAR (PERSEA AMERICANA MILL) SEED

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

 

                                   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

ABSTRACT

Phytochemical screening to determine the presence and concentration of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols and cardiac glycosides in Persea americana was carried out. The sample was prepared by cutting the seed into small pieces, drying and grinding with Thomas Willey milling machine. The ground sample was stored in an airtight container for analysis. The presence of alkaloid was determined by Wagner’s test, flavonoid by ferric chloride test, tannin by acid test, saponin by emulsion test and cardiac glycoside by glacial acetic acid test. Quantitative determination of some of the phytochemicals was also carried out using standard methods. Result for qualitative analysis shows that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and cardiac  glycosides were present in P.american and sterols were absent . The quantitative result  shows that alkaloid has the highest percentage of concentration (21.54%), followed by saponin (8.10%),  flavonoid (6.97%), cardiac glycoside (6.94%)  and tannin has the least percentage concentration (1.45%) .

 

CHAPTER  ONE

Introduction ………………………………………………………..…..……1

Background of the study…………………………………..……………………1

Objective of the …………………………………..…………………….……4

Scope of the study…………………………………..………………………..4

Significance of the study …………………………………..…………………5

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review…………………………………………..…..……………6

General description of Persea americana…………………..…..……………6

Phytochemicals in fruit and vegetables……………………..…..……………8

Nutritional physiology of phytochemicals ……………………..…..…..….10

Medicinal uses of P.americana fruit……………………..……………….11

Constituents of P.americana fruit……………………..………………….13

Effect of P.americana on the body……………………..…………….….14

Wight……………………..………………………………………………….14

Hypertension / high blood pressure ……………………..………………….14

Wound healing activity ……………………..…………………………..….15

Natural products from plants that promote health………………….……….16

Alkaloid………………………………………………………………….….16

Sterols……………………..……………………………………………..….16

Flavonoids……………………..……………………………………………..….17

Tannins……………………..………………………………………………….….19

Saponins……………………..…………………………………………..….19

Cardiac glycoside……………………..……………………………………….20

CHAPTER THREE

Materials and method……………………..……………………………….….21

Materials ……………………..………………………………………………..….21

Preparation of sample……………………..………………………………….21

Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals ……………………….……………22

Test for alkaloids ……………………..……………………………………….22

Test for flavonoids……………………..………………………………….….23

Test for tannins ……………………..………………………………………….24

Test for saponins……………………..…………………………………….….25

 

 

 

vii

Test for cardiac glycosides……………………..…………………………..….25

Test for steroids……………………..………………………………………….….26

Qualitative determination of the

Chemical constituent in P.americana………………………………………….….26

Allialoids determination……………………..………………………………….26

Flavonoids determination……………………..…………………………….….27

Saponin determination……………………..…………………………..……….28

Tannin determination by titration……………………..…………………….29

Cardiac glycosides determination ……………………..……………….….30

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Result…….……………………..……………………………………….….32

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion……………………..……………….…………………………..35

Conclusion……………………..……………….…………………………..37

Recommendation……………………..……………….……………………37

References……………………..……………….…………………………..39

Appendix……………………..……………….……………………………43

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Phytochemicals are a large group of plant derived compound hypothesized to be responsible for much of the disease protection conferred from diets high in fruits, vegetables, beans, cereals and plant-based beverages such as tea and wine (Hollman, 2005). They are biologically naturally occurring chemical compounds found in plants . They protect plants from disease and damage and contribute to the plants colour, aroma and flavor. They also protect plants from environmental hazards such as pollution, stress, drought, uv exposure and pathogenic attack. These Phytochemicals are known as secondary metabolities .

Recently it is clearly known that phytochemicals have roles in the protection of human health when their dietary intake is significant.

A wide range of dietary Phytochemicals are found in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, fungi, herbs and spices (Mathai, 2000). It is well known that plants produce these chemicals to protect themselves, but recent research demonstrate that many phytochemicals can also protect humans against diseases (Narasinga, 2003). The most important of these bioactive constituents of plants are alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. In recent years secondary plant metabolites previously with unknown pharmacological activities have been extensively investigated as a source of medicinal agents. Thus it is anticipated that phyto-antimicrobial efficacy will be used for the treatment of bacterial infection (Balandrin et al., 2005).

Perseaamericana is one of the 150 varieties of avocado pear. The seeds of Perseaamericana has a diverse application in ethnomedicine, ranging from treatment for diarrhea, dysentery, toothache, intestinal parasites to the area of skin treatment and beautification (Pamplona and Roger, 1999). P. americana leaves have been reported to posses anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities (Adeyemi et al., 2002). The seeds are rich in tannins and carotenoids and tocopherols from the fruit were shown to inhibit the in-vitro growth of prostate cancer cell lines (lu et al, 2005) and “persin” from avocado leaves was shown to have antifungal properties and to be toxic to silkworms (oelrichs et al., 1995). The effect of P.americana extract was evaluated on in-vitro rat lymphocyte proliferation (Gomezflores et al., 2008). Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of seeds of avocado pear was found to be greater than 70% (Soong and Barlow 2004).

 

LATEST  SCIENCE LAB TECHNOLOGY PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS

Objective of the study

  • To screenPerseaamericana seeds for the presence of some phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides etc.
  • To carry out quantitative determination of some of these phytochemicals

Scope of the study

The study will cover the general description ofPerseaamericana, phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables and nutritional physiology of phytochemicals. The study will also cover the nutritional contents of P.americana fruit and its medicinal uses. Effects ofP.americana on the body and the phytochemicalsto be determined will be discussed. Qualitative and quantitative determination of some phytochemicals will also be carried out.

Significance of the study

The significance of this study is thatP.americana plays a vital role in contributing to a healthy and balanced diet, reduced mental depression prevents coronary heart diseases, diabetes and prostate cancer in the body tissue and heal the scalp.

P.americana if consumed by individual can fight beriberi, cause a reduction in body weight and are used as antihypertensive drug for individuals with hypertension.

 

Latest Accounting Project Topics and Materials in Nigeria 

CHAPTERTWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

General description of Perseaamericana

The avocado (Perseaamericana) is a tree native to Mexico and central America (Chen et al., 2008) classified in the flowering plant family lauraceae along with cinnamon, camphor and bay laurel.Avocado or alligator pear also refers, to the fruit, botanically a large berry that contains a single seed (Storey 1973).

Complete project material cost 3000 Naira only

ORDER NOW

INCIDENCE OF VAGINAL CANDIDACIES AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN AN PARK-LANE, HOSPITAL, A CASE STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINK AT PARK-LINE ENUGU

INCIDENCE OF VAGINAL CANDIDACIES AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN AN PARK-LANE, HOSPITAL,

A CASE STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINK AT PARK-LINE ENUGU

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:

 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447

First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

ABSTRACT

This project attempts to determine the frequency rate of candidiasis among pregnant women in Abakpa Nike Enugu. One hundred and ten samples of high vaginal swabs were collected and examined wet in the microscope. The sample were donated by pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics at park-lane hospital Enugu.
Eighty-five samples out of the one hundred and ten samples collected from the pregnant women were candida positive. The candida specie implicated were classified as follows: sixty pregnant women had Candida Albicans, ten had candida torulopsis, seran had Candida Kmse and eight had Candida Stellordea.
The samples were collected as follows. They were asked to open up their legs wide enough and the swab stick was inserted into the vagina and turned once. Normal saline was added to the sample solution and examined. The samples was examined wet under the microscope, budding yeast-like cells were observed.
The results indicated that the frequency rate is high as a result of illiteracy and poor hygienic state of most pregnant women within the study area. Improved hygiene and health education are stronghy recommended for the generality of people and women preparing for marriage particularly Park-Lane Enugu.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
1.1 Hypothesis 7
1.2 Statement of problem 8
1.3 Limitations 8
1.4 Justification 8
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review 9
CHAPTER THREE
Materials and Methods 16
3.1 Sources of Collection 17
CHAPTER FOUR
Results and Analysis 20
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion 24
CHAPTER SIX
Conclusion and Recommendation 28
References 29
Appendix 32

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
Candidiasis is a systemic disease result from the presence of yeast like fungi in the urinary track of a pregnant women (Derek 1982). Candidiasis is most often sexually transmitted though there are some other predisposing gander like poor hygiene in the genial areas, use of oral contraceptive pill, diabetes mellitus etc. it is an acute or chronic mycotic infusion usually affecting the skin, narks or mucons membares of the mouth and gentles but capable at times of producing lesions gastrointestinal tracks, meringues and endocandun it is also an opportumstic furgus that canses candiadiasis in compromised patients candidiasis has a world wide distribution but its frequency and severity increases with warm weather, which indices excessive perspiration. It occurs in poor nutrient media, especially those deficient in protein (Lodder at al 1958).
Candidiasis is accompanied by a number of symptoms such as server itching in and around the vulva, thick pumdent discharge yellowroish in colour and a cheese consistercy discharge ete. An excess of vaginal discharge from any cause may lead to vulva privates. In candidiasis, there may be vulvitis with redness of the vagina, with masses of whose, cheesy material.

 

The infection candidiasis manifest as follows:
1. Candidia Vagintis and Vulva Vaginits: The incidence of candida vaginitis and vulvoaginits averages more in pregnant women than in non pregnant women. This is characterized by a low-grade inflammation of the vagina with whitish patches on the mucosa and yellowish, milky discharge. This infection may extend to the vulva and upper inner aspect of the thighs, causing a pronounced genit privities, which leads to removal of scar tissues. Chronic infection occurs in women with immuno deficiency virus (Rhoads et al 1987) this infection is treated with nystahn vaginal tablets used once daily for two weeks, or clotrima role vaginal cream applied nightly also for two weeks.

2. Candidia Paronydia And Onychia:. This is the candidias of the nail bed and nails. It is chromic condition favoured by immension of hands in lot, suapy water. This is seen mainly in individual engaged in net work or handling food. Even mentions and young children may develop candida paronychia, usually in association with oral candidiasis as a result of thumb – sugary. The paronychial area is swollen, red and gesturing with gaping.

3. Candidial Intertrigo: This infection is the superficial inflammation occurring in most skin folds. It affects the genital areas and the legs, ear folds and inter digital spaces of the hands and feet sub-mammary intertrigo is common in elderly women with pendulous breasts. The first usable signs are skin slitters, which enlarge, and rupture, sofking the skin lager and stilly.

This infecting responds to Amphotericin B. in patients with intertrigo of the groin, oral Nystatin, 500,000 units trice daily, should be gun in addition for tendegs several species of candida have been implicated as pathogenic to man. Some of these include-candida albicars, candida quasi candida tropically, candida parasols and candida pseudohopicals.

The most frequent cause of superficial and systemic candidiasis is candida albcars. This organism is highly virulent for laboratory anneals and fowls. Candidiasis can be controlled if pregnant mothers improve their standard of living and avoid weaning or the use of highs materals at all times e.g nylonparts etc.

4. Oral Candidiasis: Infection of the oral mucosa by candidia alblicars is relatively common in newborn infants, appealing about the seventh day of life and affecting 4-6 percent of imparts. It may also be seen in patients requiring intensive antibiotic therapy. The tongue, soft palate, guns and at times the pharynx may be involved. It is characterized by greyisn – white or creamy patches with a small halopatients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), often show profuse oral candidiasis. This infection responds to oral suspension of Nystahn 4-6ml four times daily, 10mg of clotimazole buccal troches, five times daily for two weeks.

5. Enteric candidiasis: This occurs during the prenatal where the infection may develop as oral trust. In older persons if may complicate primary debility disease, weather primary or secondary in value, enteric candidiasis may cause death if it remains untreated.
This infection responds to Nystetion taken by mouth for five to seven days.

6. Periaral Candidiasis: Candidiasis Alabicans is only one of a great variety of know factors that may be involved in the tiding. Apart from intense, normally nocturnal itching and burring, perennial candidiasis characteristically presents softening of the skin layer by morsel and death of tissues of the perennial area.
The infection responds to clotimazoleciean applied mighty for two-three weeks.

Candida infection are contagious and may be haramitted from person to person, therefore climatic condition, heat and humility which induce increased perspiration, prolonged immersion of hands or body in water leaching to maceration debilitating diseases, the administration of broad spectrum antiseptics pregnancy, high chapose one to the infection.

The affected areas are red, raw and beefy in appearance, but may have wilitish, and like deposits in their suyeces. There may be mild burring sensation present, but itching is much more likely to be hnorable some.

It is therefore vital before leaching candida infection to identify the cricum stances that allowed its establishment if all the condition that predispose one of the infections are properly conceited, the infection will not mangiest.

In the treatment of candida infection gendarme violet (or brilliant green) in 0.5 – 1% argents solution is still the most effective ready. This treatment is messy but it is gladly accepted by patients who have failed to respond to deaner and more elegant medications.
Other drugs that are used include Nystertm (mycostatin) in cream, ointment or powder, and amphoterian – B (effective zone) in cream or lohon. These are often effective and less messy. They should be applied three times daily for at least ten days.

Aqueous suspensions are preferable . after applies hons the area should be sprinked with talcium powder or Nystatin powder. Thet oral administration of Nystatin tablets three times daily or vaginal medication twice daily help to eliminate a source of infection in the vagina or gastrointeshrel treat.

Amphoterian B. is another during of chroice in the treatment of candida infection. The initial close is 0.25mglkg administered inhavenoraly daily.

Flucytosine are oral antifingal during has been successfully used in the treatment of systemic candidiasis. The dosage is 60 to 150mg 1kg1day given in four divided closes after food for a minimum of four weeks.

Clorhimazole, an oral antifuingal during has been successful in the treatment of generalized candidiasis clommazole (canester) pessanes also are effective. But it appears that mconazole where is nearest the ideal during for vaginal candidiasis. It has a broad spectrum anti mycolic and anti-bacterial achinly. The cream is applied daily preferably last thing at night.

Candidiasis is a debilitate armlet, which appears to cause discomfit and embarrassment mostly to pregnant women.
This project attempts to examine the frequency rate of candidiasis among pregnant woman at park lane. It seeks to identify such cases with a view to finding a more permanent manicure or solution as well as propose possible preventive measure when this is done, pregnant mothers will have…

 

 

 

 

For more topics click

Continue reading INCIDENCE OF VAGINAL CANDIDACIES AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN AN PARK-LANE, HOSPITAL, A CASE STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINK AT PARK-LINE ENUGU

EXAMINATION OF STOOL FOR THE PRESENCE OF FELMINETH USING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES

EXAMINATION OF STOOL FOR THE PRESENCE OF FELMINETH USING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ENUGU)

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:

 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447

First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

ABSTRACT
This research is aimed at examining the presence of helminthes in stool using different techniques. One hundred and forty three samples were collected and three different techniques were applied in the stool examination, namely, Direct Microscopic examination technique, formol either concentration technique. At the end of the analysis. At the end of the analysis, it was found that there was a significant different in the number of eggs found, when figures were obtained with the three different techniques. Direct microscopic examination technique detected the ora of parasites and mobile flagellates, ciliates and Ascaris Lum bricoides. The formol either concentration technique detected mobile protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica, amoeba and Giardia Lambila while the brine floatation technique is most preferred because it detected both the ora and mobile helminth while formol either concentration technique and brine floatation technique detected only oral of hookworm

 

 

 

More topics click

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
1.1 Background information 1
1.2 Aim And Objectives Of The Study 2
1.3 Statement Of Problem Of The Study 3
1.4 Hypothesis 3
1.5 Justification Of The Study 4
1.6 Limitation Of The Study 4

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review 6
2.1 historical review 6
2.2 Helminthes Life Cycle 8
2.3 Epidemiology of Helminthes 13
2.4 Clinical Diagnosis of Helminthes 16
2.5 Laboratory Examination of Helminthes 21
2.6 Transmission Dynamics In Helminthes 26
2.7 Transmission Dynamics In Helminthes 28

2.8 Explanation, preparation and application
of some of the materials use in diagnostic
techniques of stool samples 29

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 31
3.1 materials 31
3.2 Methods 31
3.3 Collection of Samples 34

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and discussion 35
4.1 results 35

CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion and recommendation 70
5.1 Conclusion 70
5.2 Recommendation 70
Reference 72

 

 

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.7 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Helminthiasis is a disease condition resulting from helminth infections, Helminth are living organisms that depend on other organisms for their survival and at the same time destroying their host. Ascaris Lumbricoides, Schistosoma Mansoni, Hymenolepsis nana, Loa Loa, Onchocera examples of helminth. Some helminth infections are numbered among the major diseases of mankind. Schistosomiasis, caused by the genus Schistosoma which inhabit blood vessels is a most important cause of morbidity. The complex disease called filariasis, caused by highly pathogenic filarial nemabodes of man such as Wucharia Bancrofbii, Loa Loa, Brugiu Malayi and Ochocera Voluulus are similarly widespread (Dauves, 1994).

Although the rector transmitted filarial nematodes provoke the most dramatic forms of pathotogy such as elephantiasis and river blindness, a wide cycle can also be harmful, especially when present as multiple species infections in poorly nourished patients. Ascariasis is caused by Ascaris Lumbriocoides. Within the helminth, many life cycle modes are utilized and some such as Strongyloides Sterocorals and Hymenolepsis nana use more than one mode of life cycle (Dawes, 1994).

Three techniques were applied in stool examination namely: Direct microscopic examination technique, formed either concentration technique and brine floatation technique. Direct microscope examination is used to detect the ora of helimith and motile flagellates, ciliates and ora of Ascaris Lumbricoides. Formol ether concentration technique is used for the concentration of helminth in feaces, especially the eggs of helminth and cysts of protozoa while the brine floatation technique is suitable for the detection…

 

 

 

 

Continue reading EXAMINATION OF STOOL FOR THE PRESENCE OF FELMINETH USING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES

Effect Of Steeping Period On Yield And Acceptability Of Starch Extracted From Sorghum

Effect Of Steeping Period On Yield And Acceptability Of Starch Extracted From Sorghum

(Sorghum Bicolor, White Variety And Red Variety)

 

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:

 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447

First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

ABSTRACT

Starch was extracted from two varieties of sorghum bicolor grains (white and red varieties) steeped for 6, 8 and 12 hours by wet milling method, the starch samples were analysed for yield, functional properties and overall acceptability. The yield of the white variety ranged from 0.45 – 0.70kg and the red variety was 0.40 – 0.50kg. The result of their functional properties were as follows; Bulk density, white (0.700 – 0.733g/ml), red (0.723 – 0.753g/ml) Gelation temperature; white (70 – 72oc) red (73 – 74oc). Least gelation concentration; white (0.60 – 0.90g/10ml), red (0.70 – 1.00g/10ml). Metabolisable energy value, white (3.12 –3.82kcal/g), red (3.73 – 3.82 kcal.g). Glycosidic cyanide content, white (4.5 – 8.5%), red (8.5 – 10.5%). The starchy samples with shorter steeping periods gave better results in terms of functional properties, metabolisable energy value, and percentage moisture content. The starch samples steeped for longer periods had greater yield but poorer functional properties. The white variety tested cyanide free and had better results than the red variety. The result of the sensory evaluation revealed that the samples had significant difference at p(0.05) and p(0.01) in colour and consistency. But there was no significant difference at p(0.05) and p(0.01) in flavour, texture and overall acceptability

 

 

TABLE CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Statement of Problem
1.2 Objectives of the Study

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Origin of Sorghum
2.2 Structure of Sorghum
2.3 Nutritive Value
2.4 Uses and Method of Preparation
2.5 Limitation / Toxicity
2.6 Processing of Sorghum for Starch
2.7 Starches
2.7.1 Definition
2.7.2 Forms / Structures / Derivatives
2.7.3 Reactions of Starch in Food Systems
2.7.4 Food Uses of Starch and their Functional Properties
2.7.5 Spoilage of Starches

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method
3.1 Source of Raw Material
3.2 Method of Production
3.3 Analysis of Some Functional Properties
3.3.1 Determination of Yield
3.3.2 Bulk Density
3.3.3 Syneresis
3.3.4 Swelling Capacity
3.3.5 Gelation Temperature
3.3.6 Least Gelation Concentration
3.4 Metabolisable Energy Value
3.5 Glycosidic Cyanide Content
3.6 Moisture Content
3.7 Sensory Evaluation

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results / Discussion
4.1 Results
4.2 Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
Appendix

 

 

More topics click

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Starch is non-crystalline white powder, insoluble in cold water.
It can be hydrolysed into simpler molecules by either heating with an acid or a suitable enzyme. (Awan and Okaka, 1983).
Starch is the major storage form of carbohydrate in sorghum and millets. It consists of amylopectin, a branched – chain polymer of glucose, and amylose, a straight chain polymer (FAO, 1992).
The digestibility of the starch, which depends on hydrolysis by pancreatic enzymes, determines the available energy content of cereal grain. Processing of the grain by methods such as steaming, pressure cooking, flaking, puffing or Micronesian of the starch increases the digestibility of sorghum starch.
This has been attributed to a release of starch granules from the protein matrix rendering t hem more susceptible to enzymatic digestion (FAO, 1992).

When starch is heated in water (moist heat) it will produce a gel – an important property needed in the thickening of gravies, sauces, in the baking of bread and production of custards (Awan and Okaka, 1983).
The physico-chemical properties of the starch affect the textural characteristics of the food preparations made from the grain.
The behaviour of starch in water is temperature and concentration dependent (Malleshi and Desikachar, 1985).

Starches in general show very little uptake of water at room temperature and their swelling power is so small. At higher temperature, water uptake increases and starch granules collap— which leads to solubilisaiton of amylose and amylopectin to form a colloidal solution. This is the gelatinisation stage. Genetic and environmental factors affect the gelatinisation temperature of starch (Freeman and Bocan, 1973).

Heat treatment of starch in a limited amount of water lead to swelling the granules with very little loss of soluble material and partial gelatinization of the starch (Watson, 1970).
On cooking, the gelatinized starch tends to return from the soluble, dispersed and amorphous state to an insoluble crystalline state.
This phenomenon is known as retrogradation or set back; it is enhanced with low temperature and high concentration of starch (Rooney, 1991). Amylose, the linear component of the starch, is more susceptible to retrogradatioln than the amylopectin (Freeman and Bocan, 1973).

 

 

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Steeping of sorghum for a longer period consumes time and imparts undesirable flavour to the starch extracted from the sorghum due to the action of some spoilage microorganisms. Hence the need to reduced the steeping time and detect its effect on the yield and their sensory properties.

 

 

 

Continue reading Effect Of Steeping Period On Yield And Acceptability Of Starch Extracted From Sorghum

EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF WHEAT/BAMBKA GROUNDNUT BLEND

EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF WHEAT/BAMBKA GROUNDNUT BLEND

Click here to download our android mobile app to your phone  for more materials and others

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 3000 NAIRA

   ORDER NOW

MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:

 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447

First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

You may also need:  web design company in Nigeria   

Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

For more topics click

Continue reading EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF WHEAT/BAMBKA GROUNDNUT BLEND