The Role Of Voluntary And Open Membership In Increasing The Efficiency Of Cooperative Societies

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Abstract

This study examines the role of Voluntary and Open Membership Principle in societies. A survey method was used for the study. They were members of NNPC-KRPC Staff Multipurpose Cooperative Society. A 5-item questionnaire was used for the study. The questionnaire was based on liker scale. Four (4) research questions were developed to guide the study. Frequencies and mean scores were used as statistical analysis. Research findings show that Voluntary and Open Membership Principle is well followed can improve societies which can adequately promote the socio economic standard of members. It was recommended that good orientation should be given to members so as to make them abide by the principle.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

Cooperative is a voluntary organization that is established within the people with common interest in cooperative there are some principles that guided the operation of cooperative business as stated by (ICA 1995). The first among the seven (7) principle is voluntary and open membership which is the area of consideration in this study. The principle require that membership of any cooperative society should be left open to new intending members without any artificial restriction it means that cooperative societies are non exclusive clubs of a few person or as private companies.

 

 

 

The spirit behind this principle means that in cooperative societies, members have to view properly and business enterprises of the society not in the selfish, egocentric spirit of capitalism but in the cooperative spirit of solidarity and universal brotherhood. The society must be prepared to admit new members, it is like a work of social service to mankind, new members may come in and enjoy the fruits of the society built up by the old and past members.

 

 

Chukwu (1990) says advantage of cooperative openness is that open door policy of the cooperative not only makes good philosophy. It also makes cooperative movement to spread throughout the whole nation/world, thud making the benefits of membership good because of the process of integration.

 

 

Again, Amahalu (2006) says voluntary and open membership makes the business to increase volume by volume. The more people join the cooperative business, the greater the chance of the group achieving its objectives in terms of skills, capital volume of production and sales.

In cooperative practice voluntary and open membership is not absolute because there is need for selection, what we have in cooperative is “qualified openness” not everybody that apply has the automatic right to be admitted. Dishonest men, non Conformist, those whose purpose would detrimental to the aims of the society, or who will not obey the rules of the society, such people obviously would not be admitted.

 

Obodoechi (2002), explain that cooperative societies are not complete welfare organization with business entity there is need for selection because not everybody can meet the financial requirements like minimum share holding. Entrance fees monthly savings etc. Although cooperative law made the financial requirement to be small (minimum) but yet some may not afford it.

 

 

 

Further more, there is the need for selection in membership of cooperative organization because of the need for a limited degree of homogeneity e.g Farmers Marketing Cooperative Society cannot accept somebody who is not a farmer, a cooperative society that is for a particular church, mosque, school cannot accept one who is a member of the above mentioned groups.

Again cooperative voluntary and open membership is not absolute because cooperative law specified the minimum age for membership except infant cooperative organization. But the age specification differs from country to country and region to region.

 

Finally, the membership openness is not absolute in cooperative organization because the guidelines for membership are always clearly stated in the cooperative law and bye-law of individual societies. Any intending member must abide with the guideline before he/she is admitted and the society has the right to admit or not to admit but the right not to admit must be exercised rationally and not arbitrarily.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING PRINCIPLES AND ECONOMICS OF CO-OPERATIVE AS A QUALIFYING SUBJECT FOR THE AWARD OF OND IN BUSINESS STUDIES

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PREFACE

The problems faced by co-operatives and students studying co-operative Economics stems from their lack of understanding of the co-operative principles and the uniqueness of the co-operative Business Enterprise. In this project the principles of co-operative were reviewed to enable readers understand the basic concept underlying the co-operative principles.  It analyzed the basic steps to be taken in the organization of a viable co-operative society, since it possess  a major problem in the co-operative movement. I hope that co-operators who read this project will be able to at least be able to organize a successful co-operative society.

Chapter One

Meaning of Co-operative

Co-operative Value

Chapter Two

Principles of Co-operative Business

I.C.A Principles of 1937

Voluntary and Open Membership

Democratic Member Control

Member economic participation

Autonomy and Independence

Education, Training and Information

Co-operation among Co-operatives

Concern for Community

Chapter Three

The Rochdale Pioneers I.C.A

Aim of the I.C.A

I.C.A Membership

Types of membership

1. Collective membership
2. Individual membership
3. Ordinary membership

Rights of members.

Duties of members

Past I.C. A Congresses

Chapter Four

Introduction

Reasons for joining co-operatives

1. Economic motive
2. Sociological motive

• External pressure

Classification and Types of co-operatives

Producer co-operative society/movement.

Chapter Five

1. Findings
2. Recommendations

CHAPTER ONE

MEANING OF CO-OPERATIVE

The co-operative institution will tell us that the co-operative institution is about people. It’s about a business.  It is in line with these assertion that various definitions of this subject have been postulated by some school of thoughts.  Whereas some scholars see co-operative or define co-operative as an association of person usually of limited means who have voluntarily joined together to achieve a common Economic goals through the formation of a democratically  controlled business organization, making equitable contribution to the capital required and accepting a fair share of the risk and benefits of the undertaking in which the members actively participate. Other International Co-operative Alliance (I.C.A) compliments with the view that co-operative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.

Furthermore, a co-operative society can be defined as an enterprise formed and directed by association of users applying within itself the rules of democracy and directly intended to save both its own members and the community as a whole. Finally, according to (Bob-Igwe, 1993:15), he defined Co-operative as a voluntary, evolutionary democratic process resulting from initiative and enterprise at the “grassroots” by individuals motivated by the principle of self -help and mutual aid. From the above definition we can infer that the co-operative society is basically:-

1. An association of persons
2. A union of capital
3. A common need to solve a mutual problem (self help.)

Co-operative Value.

Values are basic conceptions of what is good or bad, a standard for behaviour and quicker for action when properly inculcated.  The I.C.A in 1995 amended the 1966 principles of co-operatives, the principles were derived from co-operative values which clearly states the co-operative attitude to social and economic life which distinguishes them from other forms of business. When we understand the co-operative values, then we can understand the nature of co-operatives.  Co-operative values are stated by the I.C.A in 1995.

1. Self-help
2. Democracy
3. Equality
4. Equity
5. Solidarity
6. Honesty
7. Openness
8. Social responsibility
9. Caring for others.

These values can be divided into two parts namely:

1. Organization related values.
2. Moral behaviour related values.

The first set of values deal with the happenings inside the co-operative complex, which relates to the effectivity and efficiency in the co-operative society.  While the second group of values are concerned with what is good and what is bad. Self-Help:-  Basically a co-operative is an association of persons who come together to solve a common problem which they cannot solve on their own.  The idea of self-help springs to mind immediately, the need for them to assist one another in solving an immediate problem and not rallying on the government or other external bodies to come to their aid.  These doesn’t take out the possibility of it getting external assistance.  They can of course enjoy that through their joint effort – a self-help.

Democracy:-  In the co-operative society each member has only one vote irrespective of his contribution to the organization in capital and effort.  This originated from the Rochdale Pioneers and was an attempt at safeguarding the organization from their multiple share holders who may tend to dictate the tune for running the co-operative business enterprise. 

Equality:-  Without any discrimination of sex, race, religion, politics, creed, social status and economic class, men are equal.  In the conduct of the affairs of a society, members are regarded as equals and treated as such.  In simple analysis, equality entails same right to participation, right to be informed, right to be heard, right to be involved in decision making and executive work.  The value of equality recognizes the importance of all members not minding their social status or economic contribution to the society.

Equity:-  While the society tends to recognize all their members as being equal, it would also be unfair not to acknowledge the fact that some members may have played very active role for the success of the co-operative business through high patronage, higher capital contribution.  According to Onuoha, equity means proportional equality.  This is usually represented in percentages for instance, 10 percent of shareholding of patronage, etc..  what is being emphasized here is that all will not benefit equally but one should benefit to the extent of his/her involvement in the society.

Furthermore, equity also relates to how their parties are treated.  By this I mean how employees, suppliers, creditors and other non-member customers are handled by the society.  The rule of equity means that each of these receives a fair share of their industry.  Co-operative wealth or earnings must be distributed on the basis of one’s contribution.

Solidarity:-  The most important co-operative value is self help while the second most important is solidarity.  Solidarity simply stated means unity, interdependency and mutual support.  They need to stand together to be able to carry out decisions which have been jointly taken by the members of co-operative.  Alone members would be unable to stand but united they stand strong.

Honesty:-  Honesty has always been applied in the running of the co-operative enterprise.  The Rochdale Pioneers made it one of the rules when they insisted on sales of pure and unadulterated goods.  The value states that members of the co-operative and their officers should be honest in their transactions with the co-operative business enterprise clearly stating all their transactions for members accordingly.

Openness:-  Co-operative society is a social group, not a secret society or a cult.  It is also a public organization.  Therefore openness states that the members of the co-operative should give clear statement of their transaction, which should be recorded and made it available to all members on demand to inspect, commend or criticize.

For many co-operatives in Nigeria, one major problem has always been mismanagement  characterized by abuse of office by officers, embezzlement of funds, fraudulent conversion of associations property to personal use, etc.  if the c…

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HOW TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION THROUGH CO-OPERATIVE   (A CASE STUDY OF NDOKWA WEST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE)

 

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ABSTRACT

The research work on the topic “How to improve Agricultural production through co-operative (A case study of  Ndokwa West L. G. A Delta State Co-operative as was carried out to survey the past programmes and polities constituted by government to mobilize peasant farmers into agricultural co-operative and functional ones more productive as a way of facilitating the attainment of self-sufficiency in agricultural productivity in the country.

The general constrains that affect the achievement of the objectives in Ndokwa West local government area was identified.  These include ill conceived and inefficient extension services, inadequate farm storage facilities and organized marketing outlets, use of crude farming implements.  Complex land tenure system, non-restriction of membership which might bring in people of questionable characters whose membership may lead to the down fall of the society among others.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction

1.1  Background of the study

• Statement of Problems
• Objective of the study
• Importance of the study
• Scope and Limitation of the Study
• Research Questions
• Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature review

2.1  Importance of Improving Agric Production

• Co-operative as a means of improving Agricultural Production.
• Problem imposed by co-operative on agricultural programme
• Agricultural co-operative
• Function of marketing co-operative in improving agricultural production.
• Production promotion co-operative societies.
• Method of investigation
• Method of Data analysis.

CHAPTER TH REE

• Research Methodology

3.1  Population of the study

3.2. Sources of data

• Primary Sources
• Secondary sources
• Method of Investigation
• Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data Presentation

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary of Findings

5.1  Recommendations

• Conclusion

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Every student requires a particular institutional framework.  One of such framework of the student is the co-operative.  The word co-operative can have different interpretation.  In a layman’s language, it means working together on working mutually.  The second interpretation , which is where the emphasis means a special type of co-operative.  The co-operative has been defined by different schools of thought but the various in the degree of emphasis on one aspect or the other. The school of thought describes co-operative as business undertaking owned and operated by voluntary associations in order to provide themselves with work and wages or with goods and services.

 

But the International Co-operative Alliance (I C A) defined co-operative as an autonomous association of persons, limited voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprises.  The role of co-operative in agricultural is an important topic of study but already much has been done by co-operators to justify its prime role of score securing economic and political development particularly in developed countries like England known for consumer co-operatives.  France known for industrial co-operative and Germany known for credit co-operative.  Co-operative movement is world wide phenomenon.  It has developed from simple traditional form(s) of mutual institution  of modern formally organized institution.

 

This institution gained world wide acceptance because of the grate role.  It has been playing in the economic development of various countries particularly in the developing countries.  The improvement of agricultural production through co-operative inevitable has social effects.  Co-operative management bring better yield which in turn yields better living standard, better housing, better  education for members and their families.  This economic success of co-operative society has been witnessed invaluably in co-operative studies.

 

In Delta State, most inhabitants survive through and the main occupation is substantial farming, which attracted interest many co-operative societies, both existing ones and new initiated ones.  Improving the agricultural production was their main target and interest and at the same time lifting the level of its individuals.  Improvement target was both in size and qualities were poor and could not be marketed most of the crops having pest scales and most couldn’t grow well in other to produce as expected.  The product that were severely affected were yam tubers, cassava stems and tubers, cocoa yams, vegetables.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Nigeria had embarked on various programmes and  policies  costing hundreds of millions of naira aimed at reviving the depressed agricultural sector. In view of this, agricultural co-operative was instituted so as to organize the small scale farmers who are still involved in manual labour type of farming in co-operative and had failed to produce enough food for our teeming population thereby the country to be involved in importation of large quantity of food with a huge percentage decline in agricultural exports. All those governmental effort have not actually had much significant improvement in this sector as much emphasis now being placed on agriculture.  The call for urgent re-examination of the role of these agricultural production sure it’s aim of facilitating the attainment of self-sufficiency in agriculture and making agriculture to take its prime position in the national economy of this country in danger.

 

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Credit Management Techniques in Agricultural Co-operative Bank in Nigeria

(A case study of NACRDB, Enugu).

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CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

The Nigeria Agricultural, Co-operative and Rural Development Bank Limited is a development bank established in the year 2000 following the merger of the defunct Nigeria Agricultural and Co-operative Bank Limited (NACB) and former People’s Bank of Nigeria Limited (PBN) and the Risk Assets of the Family Economics Advancement Programme (FEAP).  The vision of the bank is “to be foremost people centred, self-sustaining development finance institution for rural savings, mobilization and delivery of micro and macro agricultural credit and micro credit to the poor”.  The mission is “providing affordable financial and advisory services to the farmers and non-farmers enterprises of the national economy using well trained and highly motivated staff, backed by appropriate technology, thereby fostering accelerated agricultural and rural development.  “Nigerian Agricultural, Co-operative and Rural Development Bank Ltd, is dedicated primarily to agricultural financing at both the micro and macro levels as well as micro financing of small and medium scale enterprises.

 

The bank has a 3-tier administrative structure.  The Head Office is in Kaduna and there are six zonal offices located at Abuja, Kano, Bauchi, Enugu, Port Harcourt and Ibadan.  Under the Zonal Offices, there is a network of over 200 branches.  Enugu zonal office is responsible for monitoring and supervision of the activities of the 26 branches in the South-East zone which are distributed as follows:

ABIA	ANAMBRA	EBONYI	ENUGU	IMO
Umuahia	Awka	Abakaliki	Enugu	Owerri
Akoli Imenyi	Ihiala	Afikpo	Nsukka	Aboh Mbaise
Isuochi	Nteje	Akaeze	Oji River	Atta
Ohafia	Oko	Onicha	Mgbowo	Ideato
Ukwa	Onitsha	Uburu		Oguta
	Ukpo			Orlu

 

The awareness of the serious decline in agricultural production necessitated the establishment of the bank.  The NACRDB is not the only financial institution which provides agricultural credit.  Prior to the establishment of NACRDB, agricultural credit schemes was operated by some agencies such as the Ministry of Agriculture, supervising credit scheme, agricultural credit co-operative thrift and loan scheme, farmers multi-purpose co-operative societies.  Most of these institutions were not effective sources for strictly agricultural credit.  There were a lot of evidence that creditors borrowed money for agriculture but diverted it to other ventures.  Again, credit was often extended to only favourites and scarcely to genuine small scale farmers.  Besides, they could not meet the collateral and equity contribution requirements, a situation that compelled a significant proportion of the farmers to seek for other sources of credit.

 

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According to Idachaba quoted from Cardoso, (1987:18) or research carried out showed that 58% of farming related borrowing was from family and friends, 224% from private money tenders, 15% from merchants and only 3% from institutional sources.

However, while family and friends charged little or no interests, private money tenders charged exorbitant interests organized credit facilities for Nigerian rural farming population would reduce the dependence on sources other than the formal financial houses.

It is against this background that the researcher is to investigate how credit will effectively administered in co-operative enterprises.  They will enable us to identify the major problems associated with credit administration in co-operative agricultural banks and seek solution to these problem to ensure continued existence of developing co-operatives.

 

 

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:

In this  sector, co-operative banks mobilizes credit for their members through the savings of members.  It has been observed that they are inefficient in mobilizing and utilization of credits.  Many problems led to this ineffective mobilization of credit.  They are:

• Illiteracy and lack of awareness.
• High cost of credit delivery due to the fact that farmers are many and are scattered.

 

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THE ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS.

(A CASE STUDY OF IDAH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KOGI STATE)

 

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 ABSTRACT

This research work was designed to see to the way the areas could be developed through the co-operative society with Idah Local Government Area of Kogi State as a case study, Oral interview were carried out, several book were consulted and also, finding of registered co-operative societies and number of their members were carried out. From the findings, it revealed that those areas with co-operative societies gain more government attention than those without co-operative societies. The study reveals that for a government to achieve all round development empowering co-operative societies should be given utmost attention.

 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval Page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

• Background Of The Study

1.2    Statement Of The Problem

1.3    Aims And Objective Of The Study

1.4    Significance Of The Study

1.5    Research Questions

1.6    The Scope And Limitation Of The Study

1.7    Definition Of Key Terms

Reference

CHAPTER TWO

2.1    Meaning Of Co-operative Society

2.2    Characteristics Of Co-operative Societies

2.3    Formation Of A Co-operative Society

2.4    Types Of Co-operative Society

2.5    Advantages Of Co-operative Society

2.6    Benefits Of Co-operative Society

2.7    Prospect Of Co-operative Society

2.8    The Impact Of Co-operative Societies On Rural Development.

• Problem Faced By Co-operative Societies

In Rural Development

2.10 The Need For Re-engineering

2.9    Problem Faced By Co-operative Societies In Rural Development

2.10  The Need For Re-engineering Co-operative Societies.

Reference

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1    Introduction

3.2    Research Design

3.3    Area Of Study

3.4    Population Of the Study

3.5    Sample And Sampling Techniques

3.6    Sources Of Data Collection

• Instrument Used For Data Collection

 

• Test For Validity And Reliability Of Research

Instrument

Reference

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

• Introduction
• Presentation Of Data
• Discussion of Findings

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• Summary
• Conclusion
• Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendix

Questionnaire

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The problem of developing the rural area has received the attention of many experts and researchers as well as the government.  This is because it constitutes a serious bottleneck to the socio-economic development of the country as well as the communities.  It is in the light of this, that I have decided to examine how rural areas would be developed with the help or assistance of co-operative societies using Idah local Government as the case study.

 

 

Rural development according to Diejomoah (2003) is “ The process of not only increasing the level of per capital income in the rural area but also the standard of living of the rural population measured by food and nutrition level, health, education, housing, recreation and security. Also Rural development according to UNO (1960) is “The process by which the effort of he people themselves are United with effort that of government authorities to improved the economic social and cultural conditions of the rural communities to integrate those community into life of the nation and to enable them contribute meaningful to national development.

Therefore, Rural Development is an integration activity involving the Implementation of programmes of agriculture, health, education, home management, provision of infrastructure and other community facilities under the supervision of the government, its agencies and the local people.

 

 

Co-operative society is one of the principal agent of rural development.  It is not only an avenue for job opportunities, but also as a training ground for the rural dwellers and other society and economic benefits.  Hence, it is a strong factor in the nations economic development.

Helms (2005) on the other hand defines co-operative society as an association of persons who have voluntarily joined together to have a common end through the formation of a democratically controlled enterprise, making equitable contribution to the capital required and accepting a fair share of the risk and benefit of the undertaking in which the member activity participate.  On the other hand it could be seen as a voluntarily association of persons having mutual ownership in providing themselves some needed service on non-profit basis usually organized as a legal entity to accomplish objectives through joint participation of its members.

 

As it is, the problem faced by the rural dwellers in Nigeria today is complex.  It is those in he rural areas who have to produce not only enough for their families but also for industries and urban population.   They also have to produce cash crops either for processing by local industries or for export.  Still they lack the basic necessities of life.

Co-operative is a vital issue in every community in this world.  Place where it has been properly put into effective operation, its members have greatly achieve something from it.  Idah Local Government area is one of the area where co-operative societies have improved the live of its citizens.

 

 

Hence assistance should be given to the rural people e.g. Idah people so as to enable them improve politically, economically, socially and otherwise through co-operative societies.

This project therefore, intends to examine rural development, discuss or diagnose strategies adopted by coo-operative societies in developing rural areas.  Examine the problem areas if coo-operative societies and to provide recommendation or solution to the problem so far identified.

 

 

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Perhaps, one of the greatest problem confronting Rural Development today is the lop sided and unbalanced development of their environment and how best to improve the living standard of the rural dwellers.  It is not in correct to state that the gross unbalance and inequalities in the level of development between the rural and urban areas of Nigeria is enormous taking Idah local government area for example.  Inspite of all the orchestrated policies and programmes of successive government in Nigeria.  The problem of rural backwardness and under – development has remained unresolved.   This is evident in the persistence of agriculture stagnation, hunger, poverty, disease, unemployment, poor housing, under-employment, poor infrastructure facilities.  Most of our rural areas also suffer from inadequacy of social services, high birth rate and death rate, low life expectance, malnutrition and Ignorance, lack of productive, technical and managerial skill to improve production.

 

 

In the light of these problems, the researcher is therefore boarded and wants to probe into the activities of co-operative societies to know whether they are contributing towards the development of our rural areas with a particular focus on Idah Local government area of Kogi |State.

THE ROLE OF CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS.

 

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