THE IMPACT OF MATERIAL REQUIREMENT PLANNING IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

(A Case Study of Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Plc, Kakuri Branch Kaduna)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study. –         –         –         –         –         –          1
• Statement of the Problems- –         –         –         –         –         –         4
• Objectives of the Study –         –         –         –         –         –         –         4
• Statement of Hypothesis –         –         –         –         –         –         –         5
• Significance of the Study –         –         –         –         –         –         5
• Scope of the Study –         –         –         –         –         –         –         6
• Limitations of the study –         –         –         –         –         –         –         6
• Historical Background of PAN           –         –         –         –         –         7
• Definition of Terms –         –         –         –         –         –         –         10

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     The Concept of Materials Requirement Planning     –         –         –         12

2.2     Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) objectives  –         –         –         15

2.3     Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) as a Planning Tool         –         16

2.4     Methodology of a MRP project implementation/Alternative

Techniques            –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         19

2.5     Material Requirement Planning (MRP) Inputs         –         –         –         20

2.6     Organizational Measures for Effective Material Requirement Planning Implementation      –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         22

2.7     Master Production Scheduling (PP-MP-MPS) and MRP   –         –         25

2.8     Benefits of Material Requirement Planning (MRP)            –         –         28

CHAPTER THREE:

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Design    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         31

3.2     Research Population        –         –         –         –         –         –         –         32

3.3     Sample Size and Sampling Techniques          –         –         –         –         32

3.4     Methods of Data Collection       –         –         –         –         –         –         33

3.5     Justification for the Instrument Used   –         –         –         –         –         34

3.6     Method of Data Analysis           –         –         –         –         –         –         34

3.7     Justification of Method Used     –         –         –         –         –         –         34

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Production is the transformation of one set of resources into a second set. In order to describe the constraints and opportunities for production, different methods have been developed through the years both in the practical engineering context and from an academic point of view (Grubbström, 1995). For the multi-level, multi-stage production-inventory system, an analysis applying the combined methodology of input-output analysis and the place transform has proven to be useful.

In practice, the managerial information system dealing with multi-level, multi-stage production-inventory systems is referred to as Material Requirements Planning (MRP). Here, product complexity as well as lead times are essential ingredients. In this research we allow these terms to be used in a synonymous way both for the theoretical analysis and as a name for the corresponding practical information system.

In a multi-level manufacturing system finished products, subassemblies, components, raw materials, etc., (items), are distinguished. MRP reduces a master production schedule of finished products into a time-phased suggested schedule of requirements of intermediate items to be manufactured and purchased, based on the estimated external demand for finished products. This “parts explosion” determining requirements from higher levels down to lower levels (upstream to downstream) traces the product structures.

Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is a computer-based inventory management system designed to assist production managers in scheduling and placing orders for dependent demand items. Dependent demand items are components of finished goods—such as raw materials, component parts, and subassemblies—for which the amount of inventory needed depends on the level of production of the final product. For example, in a plant that manufactures bicycles; dependent demand inventory items might include aluminum, tires, seats, and derailleurs.

The first MRP systems of inventory management evolved in the 1940s and 1950s. They used mainframe computers to explode information from a bill of materials for a certain finished product into a production and purchasing plan for components. Before long, MRP was expanded to include information feedback loops so that production personnel could change and update the inputs into the system as needed. The next generation of MRP, known as manufacturing resources planning or MRP II, also incorporated marketing, finance, accounting, engineering, and human resources aspects into the planning process. A related concept that expands on MRP is enterprise resources planning (ERP), which uses computer technology to link the various functional areas across an entire business enterprise.

MRP works backward from a production plan for finished goods to develop requirements for components and raw materials. “MRP begins with a schedule for finished goods that is converted into a schedule of requirements for the subassemblies, component parts, and raw materials needed to produce the finished items in the specified time frame,” William J. Stevenson wrote in his book Production/Operations Management. MRP breaks down inventory requirements into planning periods so that production can be completed in a timely manner while inventory levels—and related carrying costs—are kept to a minimum. Theoretically, it is often asserted that, when implemented and used properly, MRP can help production manager’s plan for capacity needs and allocate production time. However, it is also argued that MRP systems can be time consuming and costly to implement, which may put them out of range for some small businesses. In addition, the information that comes out of an MRP system is only as good as the information that goes into it. Thus, for MRP to be successfully implemented and sustained, current accurate bills of materials, part numbers, and inventory records must be maintained. These and similar, issues relating to the concept and practice of MRP is what this research work intends to examine.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

As stated earlier, MRP is a planning technique designed to assist production manager in scheduling and placing orders for dependent demand items such as raw materials, component parts and sub-assemblies relative to the desired level of production. However, it has been observed that the technique is not yet very popular among organization. Not only that, it is also argued that the system is so time consuming and costly that not every organization can adopt it.

In this research work, attempts have been made to critically assess the possible contribution of the MRP technique to the..

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ENHANCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONETARY POLICY IN COMBATING INFLATIONARY PRESSURES PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS AND REMEDIES.

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ABSTRACT

This research work is an attempt to examine the effect of Central of Bank of Nigeria in performance monetary policy of bank. The essay work provides a background to the origin and development of monetary policy in fighting inflation and highlighted the major functions and activities performed by the Central Bank of Nigeria in order to achieve their main objectives. It also discusses the objectives, instrument and problems of monetary policy.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     Background of the study         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        1

1.2     Statement of Problems   –        –        –        –        –        –        –        3

1.3     Objectives of the study  –        –        –        –        –        –        –        4

1.4     Research Question-        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        4

1.5     Significance of the study         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        5

1.6     Scope and limitation of the study     –        –        –        –        –        6

1.7     Definition of terms         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature Review          –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        9

2.1     Introduction         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        9

2.2     Definition of Concepts   –        –        –        –        –        –        –        10

2.3     Definition of Monetary Policy           –        –        –        –        –        13

2.4     Instruments of Monetary Policy       –        –        –        –        –        –        15

2.5     Types of Monetary Policy       –        –        –        –        –        –        19

2.6     Objectives of Monetary Policy          –        –        –        –        –        –        22

2.7     Monetary Functions of the Central Bank of Nigeria      –        –        23

2.8     Weakness of Monetary Policy in Combating Inflation –        –        26

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Introduction         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        29

3.1     Area of Study       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        29

3.2     Research Design   –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        29

3.3     Population of Study      –        –        –        –        –        –        –        30

3.4     Sampling Technique      –        –        –        –        –        –        –        30

3.5     Data Collection and Instrument        –        –        –        –        –        –        30

3.6     Administration of the Instrument     –        –        –        –        –        31

3.7     Method of Data Analysis        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        31

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation   –        –        –        32

4.1     Introduction         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        32

4.2     Data Presentation          –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        32

4.3     Summary of Findings    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        36

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Introduction         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        38

5.1     Summary of the study   –        –        –        –        –        –        –        38

5.2     Conclusion –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        39

5.3     Recommendation –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        39

Bibliography        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        41

Appendices

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Monetary policy entails the government policies aimed at changing the quantity of money or credit condition. In every economy, after fiscal policy, the next most powerful macro-economic stabilization is monetary policy.

In fact Monetary and fiscal policies are expected to work together as complements to achieve one goals of a sound macro economic management that include amongst other domestic price stability external sector viability as well as enhance efficiency in resource allocation, distribution and utilization.

Monetary policy is therefore measure designed to regulate and control the volume, cost, availability and direction of  money and credit in an economy to achieve some specifically micro-economic objectives. It is one policy that seeks to influence economic activities using the tools available to the central bank i.e. money supply (MS) interest rates and exchange rates. It can also mean the deliberate attempt by the authorities to either control the supply of money or to control interest rates or to ration the amount of credit granted by banks.

The history of economic growth shows that, economic transformation started in England in the Late eighteen century and gradually spread to other parts of Europe and North America. Economic transformations did not get to other parts of thee world until in the 1950s when Japan transformed to become one of world’s major industrial giants. This economic transformation has spread far and wide in the recent times but its spread is highly limited in Africa. It is only South Africa that has experienced it so far. This is clearly demonstrated by the World Bank report of (2001) which states that out of the 46 poorest countries in the World, 35 of them are in Africa.

Nigeria with it’s vast resources of both human and material nature is not left out of the club of poverty stricken countries. This poverty is illustrated by the recent World bank report (2005), which says that more than 70% of Nigerians are living below poverty line.

It is against this background that this study is being undertaken. This poverty can be tackled using both fiscal and monetary policies to help solve this problem and growing poverty. So far, removing the country from poverty trap that seems almost impossible to be solved using variety of macro-economic policy measures.

1.2            STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The problem of inflation in Nigeria has been confronted in variety of ways by the government of the country using different macro-economic policies. The government introduced several measures e.g. National Development Structural adjustment Programmes (SAPs). Guided Deregulation etc. to combat this problem. Despite all these measures, we still experience inflation in the country.

The question now is, why we still experience inflationary conditions after all these variety of measures adopted by the government to control it or reduce it intensity?

Moreover, the issue of monetary policy has its objectives one of which is tackling the problem of inflation.  The Central Bank applied all measures to control it still every effort seem to be fruitless.

The nest question is why have all these measures failed in combating the problem of inflation?

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THE IMPACT OF MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS ON EMPLOYEE’S PERFORMANCE

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ABSTRACT

The word motivation comes from the Latin word EMOVERE which mean to move. Motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of drives, desire, and needs wishes and similar forces inherent in an individual, which make him behave in a particular way.

Thus, motivation could simply refer to as those inner drives that activate, energies of move behavioural patterns of individuals or group and sustain them towards the satisfaction of a felt needs. Motivation is interested in the “WHY” or rationale behind human behaviours. Although not all-human behaviour is motivated, some are based on reflex action, habit or instinct. A manager is only interested in those behaviours that can be motivated when an individual is left with a choice.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    Introduction          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         1

1.1          Statement of General Problem       –         –         –         –         4

1.2          Objective of the Essay           –         –         –         –         –         5

1.3          Significance of the Essay      –         –         –         –         –         7

1.4          Scope and Limitation of the Essay           –         –         –         8

CHAPTER TWO

2.O    Literature Review          –         –         –         –         –         –         11

2.1          Definition    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         12

2.2          Ways of Motivating Employees       –         –         –         –         13

2.3          Factors of Motivation    –         –         –         –         –         –         16

2.4          Theories of Motivation –         –         –         –         –         –         18

2.5          Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory      –         –         –         20

2.6          Herzberg two Factors Theory of Motivation       –         –         22

2.7          Dorglas Mcgregor’s Theory X and Theory Y     –         –         24

2.8          The Expectancy Theory         –         –         –         –         –         26

2.9          Reinforcement Theory –         –         –         –         –         –         28

2.10     Effect of Motivation on Employees performance         –         30

CHAPTER THREE

3.0            Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation –         –         37

3.1     Summary    –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         37

3.2          Conclusion –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         38

3.3          Recommendation          –         –         –         –         –         –         39

Reference  –         –         –         –         –         –         –         –         41

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

One of the major problems confronting management today is that of motivating to perform assigned task to meet or surpasses predetermined standard. Motivation is that energizing forces that induces or compels and maintains behaviour. Human behaviour is motivated it is goals directed.

It is not easy to motivate an individual, for the success of any motivational effort depends on the extent of which the motivator meets the needs of the individual employees for whom it is intended. Motivation is an internal psychological process whose presence or absence is intended from observed performance.

In Nigeria today, lack of proper managerial knowledge, economic depression and high rate of unemployment have made most workers subjected to themselves, to deplorable working conditions, which of course are the catalyst of low performance.

The management of most organization tends to believe that workers are satisfied with their job but unfortunately they are not.

The disadvantage of these to the employers that workers will not put in their best and the result will be low performance.

Managers in most of the organization are aware of the situation in the labour market, and as such went to capitalize on that to subject workers to deplorable working condition. It is when one is satisfied both physically and psychologically that such a person can perform his best. Therefore, intimidating workers or threatening to sack can only worsen the situation. But cannot solve it.

Job satisfaction presupposes going to work and getting believed of work done. In Nigeria, most at times, the pay given to a worker is not commensurable to the type of work done. This is the reason why sometimes efficient and experience worker leave an organization for another organization that pay more or stay in the organization and perform below expectation.

Job dissatisfaction is quite prevalent in most organization. low performance which comes as a result of job dissatisfaction is always the basis for conflict between organization and workers. Managers always blame the workers for not putting in their best, and on side of the workers they blame management for not providing or creating an enabling environment as in motivation. Whoever may be guilty, the bottom line is satisfying the objective of the organization, which of course is to make enough profit to keep the organization moving.

To meet the above object there need for both the management and employee to reach a consensus, the management meeting the desires of the workers and in turn the employees putting in their best in terms of performance. The workers need security of all types; physical, psychological and economic are important for effective and efficient performance.

Security can serve as an incentive to some individual to remain with the organization and to put in maximum effort in performance.

1.1   STATEMENT OF GENERAL PROBLEM

Some organization tends to employ more personnel in order to meet the set target of their organization’s production and to satisfy the primary demand of customer. However, despites all these effort, there could still be inefficiency that is performance could still be below expectation.

This situation, which have a negative effect on sales, call for great concern and action in order to check and make proper correction to the problem.

When an employee is confronted with a problem in work situation, his usual reaction will be to adopt a problem solving behaviour, which may take the form variability in though, or action. If the variability in action and thought does not appear to be the solution to problem, the employees can abandon the problem…

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