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CONTRIBUTION OF SMALL-SCALE BUSINESS TO NATIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

CONTRIBUTION OF SMALL-SCALE BUSINESS TO NATIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

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ABSTRACT

This paper analysed the contribution of small-scale business to National Economic Growth and Development in the Country.  It also paid attention to the foundling of these enterprises.

Where as failure of the large-scale import department assembly to propel the country into a satisfactory course of industrialization necessitate the magnification  of strategy to embrace the promotion of small-scale enterprises achievement under the new strategy has not been adequate with expectations of the stated objectives which were economic growth and development through the mobilization of available local resources, employment generation and industrial dispersal as well as mitigation of rural urban migration.  This paper identified this lack of list achievement with problems associated with severe lack of managerial and technical skills among Nigerian small-scale industrialists, inadequate of financial resources as well as infrastructural deficiencies.  Chapter one contains a general discussion of the contribution of small-scale business to economic growth and development as seen by different people.  It went further to state the problem to be studied and why this study was carried out, the scope and limitation of the study and finally the proposition and the definition of terms.

A number of past related literature examined by other studies as it relates to the contribution of small-scale business in Nigeria are highlighted in chapter two. Chapter three deals with the design of the study, the methods used in collecting relevant data.  It also deals with way the questionnaires were  distributed and the treatment of data, and statistical techniques used.

The data got from the research survey were analysed and interpreted.  Also similar questions on both questionnaires were compared in chapter four.

Finally, the summary of findings conclusion in the research and recommendation made by the researcher are all in chapter five.

If small-scale business will put the recommendation on how to achieve economic growth and development to use, such as increasing availability of credit by raising interest rate ceiling and permitting a “spread” that makes it worthwhile for banks to lend to small-scale business or by increasing the number and range of investment etc. problems of small-scale business will be a thing of the past.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background to the study

1.2            Statement of problem

1.3            Need for the study

1.4            Purpose of study

1.5            Scope of the study

1.6            Limitation of the study

1.7            Hypothesis

1.8            Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

2.0            REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1            Nature and scope of small-scale business

2.2            Factors that effect small-scale business

2.3            The role of small-scale business in economic growth

2.4            Starting a small business

2.5            Government policies for promoting small-scale business

2.6            The economic imperative of small business development in Nigeria

2.7            Importance of small business enterprises

2.8            Advantages of small-scale business

2.9            Advantages of self employment

CHAPTER THREE

3.1            Design of the study/methodology

3.2            Population for the study

3.3            Development of research materials

3.4            Research procedure

3.5            Analysis of data

3.6            Statistical techniques.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1            Presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

4.2            Test of hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1            Summary of findings

5.2            Conclusion

5.3            Recommendation

5.4            Suggestion for further research

5.5            Bibliography

5.6            Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The contribution of small –scale business in fostering economic growth and development has been well articulated in different areas of this study .the specific attention on them based on their expected impact and potential contribution on broad and diversified production base, as well as their accelerative effect in achieving macro objectives pertaining to full employment, income distribution and the development of local technology.  They are particularly most conducive for diffusion of management skills and emulation of indigenous entrepreneurship overtime.

Small business provides financial opportunity and a chance to develop wealth.  It is a place where creative, motivated individuals can use their talents and expertise to the fullest, because it provides satisfying careers  and job opportunities and its also the back bone of the market economy of the word.  Every big business starts as a small business, and it started with an entrepreneur (small business), who at first, earns little or no profit.  It was the new ideas of small business that brought about Ekene Dili Chwkwu Transport, the FAN Milk, Nnewi “Tokumbo” parts, and even the many commercial banks in Nigeria.  Untried ideas become annulations that become concepts that changed the business world. And so it goes.  Small business is the basis for the economic well being many developed nations including USA/Japan.

Entrepreneurship is what makes a small business successful.  Entrepreneurship occurs when an individual develops a new venture, a new approach to an old business or idea, or a unique way of giving the market place a product or service by using resources in a new way under conditions of risk.  Small business triumphs and entrepreneurship are closely related to it.  It is difficult to separate them.

The unemployment situation in the country coupled with the new government instinctive towards easing social tensions among unemployed youths, through the programme of the National Directorate of Employment (NDE), were intended to lure a lot of unemployed Nigerians, including graduates into self determination through self employment.  Graduates and school leavers are now realizing that government and the established private companies are not ready to come to their aid directly, through paid employment due to the dividing state of the economy.  Short of the alternatives, Nigerians including our graduates are therefore launching themselves into various small-scale business ventures, such as cottage soap and cosmetics production, fairing, restaurants, fast food, publishing, writing, block making, garri processing, food processing, refuse disposal, taxi driving, cleaning services, weaving, baking tailoring, advertising and other sam business venture which depends mostly on local raw materials.  The determination to succeed is also fast becoming the order of the day.

Government has been playing appreciative tole in promoting the survival and growth of small-scale enterprise in recognition of them flexible and adaptive nature as well as their re-generative power in promoting economic growth and development.  Government also encourage people to establish their own small business so as to reduce the problem of unemployment in the country and also reduce the problem of importation of goods, moreso, to produce exportation products.

Government in believing that a dynamic and growing small manufacturing sub-sector can contribute significantly to the implementation of a wide range development effectives, has thus enunciated various policies to encourage their proliferation and make them veritable engines of growth and development.  In the third and for the development plans and the on-going three years rolling plan, priority has been accorded industrialization with greater emphasis on small-scale enterprises.  The basic activities of government policies as maintained in the monetary and fiscal policy measures, are to improve the financing and other supportive services of small-scale business by expanding and improving access to credit and infrastructural facilities, reducing their production costs, boosting their profitability, enhancing their survival and growth capacities as well as expanding their contributions to non-oil exports by making their products competitive in the export markets.

Hardly could any major industry succeed without the services of small-business enterprise. The major goals of any profit oriented business is to make profit.  A company will make more profit if statistics it’s customers need better them the competitors.  There fore in the contribution of small-scale business, bakeries would produce what the customers want and by sodoing they maximize profit and only bakeries that are effective and efficient can satisfy customers needs.  In reality, it is possible to run a business without profit for a time, but it is not possible for to survive for one day without customers.  Customers are the central theme of any business.  Without a total commitment to them, contribution to economic growth and development will have limited and brief effects.

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          Bakery is in the production industry the quality of products rendered by our Bakeries have been attracting criticisms from people in all works of life.  The civil servants, business men and the general public are all very critical of production of cookies like bread, chi-chin, cake, meat pie, bons etc.  the  complaints ranges from those of poor quality of products, poor packages, high prices, poor delivery, shortage of skilled manpower which affects productivity and restrain expansivion the use of potassium bromated which National Agency for food and Drug Administration Commission (NAFDAC) banned for health purpose.

Most bakeries do not put their customers in the prime place as they supposed to be.  There is now keen competition and to compete means to contribute to economic growth and development.  Dickson (1971:4), agreed with this view when he said that small scale enterprises are ploughed by inadequacies and serious mis-uses of business records and business information.  The problem of poor or wrong location of an industry affects its production.  Such as nearness to raw materials, market, sources of power and access to supply of labour and transport facilities etc.

Government incentive in industries has previously directed to public investment neglecting private initiative.  But a diversified and self-sufficient economy must take into consideration the importance of private sector in capital formation.

1.3     NEED FOR THE STUDY

There have been criticisms about the bakery industries in the way they render services to their customers. i.e.  they do not see the customers as king lot in terms of national output and employment.  Moreover, Nigeria has various policies on small-scale enterprises in recent National development plan and also in the structural Adjustment programme (SAP).  The researcher wants to carryout a research on what bakeries do and the role they play in economic growth and development the resucher also wants to have an idea base either to support all the sources about the poor impression people have on how to improve their production so as to contribute effectively in national economic growth and development. Bakeries can do a more individualized jobs for customers and thereby attract them on the basis of specialty product quality and personal services rather than on the impersonal of price or mass production of largely identical business.  Based on the above, the need for studying this topic is to show the effectiveness of small-scale business in national economic growth and development.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR LOW PRODUCTIVITY OF NIGERIA WORKERS

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR LOW PRODUCTIVITY OF NIGERIA WORKERS IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR

(A CASE STUDY OF NBL 9TH MILE CORNERS NGWO)

 

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ABSTRACT

          The research on the factors responsible for low-productivity of Nigeria workers in the private sector with particular reference to Nigeria Breweries 9th mile corners Ngwo Enugu State was intended to determine how to increase productivity in Nigerian economy. In conducting the research reference was made to related literature.  Questionnaires were also used for collection of data for the study. Other forms of data collection were also used e.g. personal observation and consultation of textbooks. It was not all that easy, so there were some limitations which in one way or the other affected the findings of the research.

Tables were used to present, analyze and interpret the data. At the end, findings based on the data and other consultations revealed that, factors like breakdown of machine and equipment, poor management, high rate of labour turnover and lack of production goal cause low productivity .

Recommendations and conclusions were made based on the findings in order to help solve this problem of low-productivity in Nigeria workers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

1.2     Statement of the Problem

1.3     Purpose of the Study

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Scope /Limitations of the Study

1.6     Research Questions

References

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Meaning and Nature of Productivity

2.2     Origin of Low Productivity in Nigeria

2.3     Review of Related Literature

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Research Design and Methodology

3.1     Research Design

3.2     Area of the Study

3.3     Population of the Study

3.4     Sample and Sampling Technique

3.5     Validation /Reliability of Instrument

3.6     Method of Collection

References

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Presentation and Analysis of Data

4.1     Presentation of Data

4.2     Interpretation of Data

References

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Discussion of Results and Findings

5.1     Findings

5.2     Conclusions

5.3     Implications of the Findings/ Recommendation

References

          Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The issue of low productivity of Nigeria workers has in recent years been a matter of grate concern to the nation. The rate at which productivity grows is influenced by two things: –

(i)      The rate of society’s demand and the rate of inflation.

Increased productivity is very vital for the health of the country because it will help to improve the conditions of the environment, enhance security and improve the standard and quality of life of the citizens. This is why David Ricada in his study of population said that food needs to grow at a geometrical rate in order to meet the demand of the growing population. This emphasizes the need for increased productivity.

Yesufu T.M. (1962) was of the view that productivity can be defined as the ratio between output and all the resources used in production i.e. capital, labour, raw materials etc. the most efficient use of all available resources. With these definitions; One may ask why is the Nigeria worker inherently characterized by low-productivity in spite of all government’s efforts to improve the economy and the ever increasing need for improved productivity? The answer to this disturbing question is vital and will be answered and discussed in this study.  Increasing productivity is a way of increasing the ability of people to do what they want, to do as well as achieving a higher standard of living for all suffering from low income and in boosting the prosperity of the overall Nigeria economy.

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          Nigerians have so much complained about a low productivity of Nigerian workers. Even workers themselves have also been worried about their own level of productivity. Some of them believe if one’s output is high, it will motivate one much towards working harder and thereby increasing productivity, as high output makes one to be satisfied.  Nigerians cannot withstand the competition in the world market; this is also attributed to low- productivity especially in the industries in the private sectors. This is because; most of the product used in Nigeria is manufactured by them. In other countries their level of technology is high so their productivity is usually high and as such they do well in international market.  It can now be seen that low-productivity is a general issue in Nigeria and also a big problem in Nigeria and it adversely affects the economy. Nigerians are faced with several hardships in the country. Low-productivity of our industries is one of the notable causes of this.  It makes cost of many products to be high as many people want to buy the few available products. This study will therefore find out the factors responsible for this low-productivity in the private sector of the Nigerian economy using NBL 9th Mile as the case study.

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

          The depressing economic situation of things in our country led to the carrying out of this research as the bad economy can be attributable to low-productivity in our industries. The purpose of this study is therefore to find out those factors which are responsible for low-productivity in Nigeria workers especially in the private sector; from the findings the writer will recommend possible solutions. This will help our workers in the industries to increase their performance and thus help to improve the standard of living and the general economy of Nigeria.

Sustainable democracy: a dependent variable to national development

Sustainable democracy: a dependent variable to national development

(a case study of Anambra state from 2007 – 2009) mr. Peter

Obi’s administration.

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Abstract

The primary aim of this research work is to deeply investigate and identify the national development in the achievement of sustainable democracy in anambra state, and how their attitude foster, encourage, promote or retard the development of the area since the formation of the anids. To conduct a thorough research, the researcher sampled the population and those chosen were administered with questionnire. There findings were analyzed using simple percentage method. Based on the analyses the researcher found that anambra state with a laudable development strategy that is development oriented and which has the peoples interest at heart. Sequel to the above, the researcher recommended that government should support and assist both financially and otherwise to the development projects initiated and executed by the anambra state government which are in the best interest of the people to foster national development and sustainable democtracy. In conclusion, therefore, the role of anids should be well comed by the people of anambra state for the interest of maintaining their status quo in the area of national development and sustainable democracy.

Table of contents

Chapter one

  • Introduction

1.1   Background of the study

  • Statement of the problem
  • Purpose of the study

1.4. Significance of the study

  • Research questions.
  • Research Questions
  • Scope of the Study
  • Scope of the Study
  • Definition of Terms

        Chapter Two

  • Literature Review
        Brief introduction
  • Concept of Nation Development
  • Induces of Nation Development
  • Strategies of National Development
  • Concept of Democracy and sustainable democracy.
  • Factors militating Against sustainable Democracy
  • Solution to the problems of Democracy.
  • National Development in Anambra.

        Chapter Three

  • Research Methodology
        A brief out line of the study
  • Design of the study
  • Area of the study
  • Population of the study.
  • Sample of the study
  • Instrument for data collection
  • Validation of the instrument
  • Distribution and retrieval of the instrument
  • Method of data analysis

Chapter Four

  • Data presentation and Analysis
    • Presentation and interpretation of data According to research Questions.

Chapter five

Summary, conclusion and Recommendation

  • Summary of findings
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations
  • Limitation of the study
  • Suggestion for further research

Reference

Appendix A   __   Letter

Appendix  B __ Questionnaires

 

Chapter two

  • Introduction

sustainable democracy a dependent variable to national development cannot be over emphasized in the sense that national development is the bedrock of every nation. Whether developed or underdeveloped in the nation. They still work towards improving or maintaining their national development.

national development is also the gradual manifestation of positive changes in the economic, industrial, political, social, cultural and administrative life of a country. In viewing the process of a country, term national development is more comprehensive than economic development or economic growth.

democracy on the other hand is a system of government which gives periodic opportunities for the masses to choose their leaders. It ensures massive participation in governmental activities. A sustainable democracy is therefore a controlled reasonably high and stable level of democracy.

having seen the meaning of the two concepts, that is national development and sustainable democracy, it is of no doubt that sustainable democracy will help increase the rate of national development because of the special feature of democracy.

the aim of this research is to show how sustainable democracy improves national development in anambra state. Also, the barriers to sustainable democracy will not be left out.

 

  • Background of the study

A critical study on sustainable democracy and national development has shown that sustainable democracy is crucial for national development. They manifested in the context of anambra state from 2007-2009 where peter obi’s administration made a tremendous efforts to carry out and execute development projects for the national development. As a matter of facts, it becomes paramount important that in order for obi’s administration to achieve his aim of bringing sustainable democracy in anambra state so as to foster national development he introduced anambra integrated development strategy (anids) which serves as machinery to carryout developmental projects.

there are however, studies which have demonstrated how political, united and harmonies anambra people have through this strategy, achieving national development without waiting for the central government to take initiative.

it is believed that national development and sustainable democracy in anambra state is now on its climax since the inception of anambra integrated development strategy (anids). But before i delineate (describe) the identifiable developments attained in anambra through this strategy in order to achieve sustainable democracy, let us look into and examine what development is all about.

the concept of development is as old as the creation of man immediately after the creation of man and the emergence of his consciousness in his environment of operation. It become very obvious to him that his immediate secular environment possess a crude nature. A nature, which in its character, is against the existentialist of man, hinges on his three basic needs which are food, shelter and clothing consequently, for man to eat, he must hunt, gather fruits and develop agricultural technology for him to be sheltered, he must build houses and develop contraction technology, for him to cloth, he must make his cloth and develop manufacturing and mining technology. This implies that development in human socio-economic environment hinges on technological base will enable man to surmount these environmental obstacles that are problems to his existence.

one of the greatest problems of the developing countries is development. This is the more reason why it occupies a part of every national discussion with much emphasis of it pursued through planning. The problems of development are permeating that it affects every sector of the economy as well as individuals.

todano (1985) in his own view defined development as a multi-dimensional process involving the re-organization and re-orientation of the entire economic and social system. This involves in addition to improvement of income and output, radical changes in institutional, social and administrative structure as well as in popular attitudes custom and beliefs. Development is then both a physical process and a state of mind, involving the transformation of institution and the change in the thinking of people.

abah (2000:1) sees development as a tri-dimensional concept having a utilitarian or consumatory dimension which connotes increase in the quantity of usable items available to man in society. Based on the above interpretation of development, one can see development as a social change in which new ideas are introduced into a social system thereby bringing change in the parameters of political, economical and socio-cultural.

on the same view, rodney (1972) sees development both from the level of individual and that of the society as a whole. At level of the individual, development implies increased skill and capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self disciplined, responsibility and material well being on the level of the society, development cannot be seen purely as an economic affair, but rather as an overall social process, which is dependent upon the outcome of man’s efforts to deal with his national environment.

from what we have said so far concerning development, i would not hesitate to say that anids introduced by peter obi’s administration have been able to effect some changes in national development and sustainable democracy in some of the areas mentioned in discussed in the national development of anambra.

anambra state was created in the year 1991 with 21 local government authorities (l.g.a) it shares a common boundary with abia, delta, enugu, imo and kogi states.

the state is well known for its industrial centers and markets, with 75% of the state involved in agriculture located in the south-east region of Nigeria, anambra state is the center of the major transport routes in Nigeria onitsha expressway and the onitsha owerri highway. The position of the state makes it a focal point for transport and trade in Nigeria.

Leadership of the state, started from the creation with the military regime meanwhile the democratic governance of the state started with dr. Chukwuemeka ezeife (okwadike igboukwu) through military toppled the nascent democracy till 1999 when dr. Chinwoke mbadinuju emerged as the governor till 2003, when another election was conducted in order to replaced the then government. The April 2003, election saw Dr. Nwabueze ngige (moon) into power instead of mr. Peter obi as the case may be. Then in june 14th 2006, the appeal and supreme count granted mr. Obi the power to the power to be the governor of anambra state. Hence as an astute and efficient administrator, he peter obi formed anambra state integrated development strategy (anids) as an umbrella for all development of all programmes throughout his tenure anids is like a vehicle for the delivery of the millennium development of all sectors of the economy, it is also a realizable strategy for anambra people to attained their sustainable democracy.

1.2 statement of the problem

it is a notable fact that sustainable democracy and national development in anambra state confronted by numerous problems on a close observation of development in anambra state, one notice that the problem faced by sustainable democracy and national development is on its great magnitude.

there has been the problem of corruption, the representatives when corrupt willing elections to their own advantage thereby working against the democratic feature which says that elections should be free and fair, corruption will contribute to the backwardness of state.

secondly, dependency of the judiciary is another problem confronting the sustainable democracy and national development of the state. Even when a democratic government is claimed to be operating, the judiciary that ought to be independence still dances the tune of both the executive and judiciary. They are being bribed in the discharge of their duty thereby military against sustainable democracy which will deplete the plans have in mind for national development.

in nigeria, equality before the law as characteristics of democracy is practiced only in paper not practical some top government officials break the laws on daily basis, yet go scot-free. The facts that these top officials are not charged to court while in office makes them see themselves as people above the law and hinder the effective functioning of sustainable democracy.

the press is not free to let loose some information that will be of paramount importance to the public due to fear of favour. They only say what they are asked to say, by so doing, sustainable democracy cannot be achieved.

finally, most of the populations are ignorant and doubt even knows their rights and they are trampled upon.

1.3 purpose of the study 

the purpose of this research is to evaluate sustainable democracy as dependent variable for the attainment of national development using peter obi’s administration in anambra state from 2007-2009.

a critical analysis of this will help the federal government to know their weak points concerning those things they have to do in order to foster national development in different states of the federation. The objectives of this study therefore are aimed at.

  1. Identify the problem that militates against sustainable democracy and national development in anambra state.
  2. Examine how the people in anambra state are courage to embrace national development in their areas.
  3. Identifying the areas the obi’s administration has played cure role in bringing national development to the state.
  1. Suggesting measure of solution through which the problems militating against national development and sustainable democracy in anambra state could be alleviated.

1.4 significance of the study

it is wise and important to mention that study dealt primarily in national development and sustainable democracy in anambra state. It is also important to mention that this research was undertaken essentially to know how far national development has played it role in bringing sustainable democracy in the state.

however, this research shows how states can strategize for development and ways to attain it. Again, the academic and all future generations of people who may wish to undertake a study in the discipline or related discipline.

finally, this study is significance because the statement finding and recommendation of the study enable the governor in the state to learn from other people mistakes and effects changes where necessary.

 

1.5 research question

in pursuance of the research work the researcher deemed it necessary to formulate research questions. Thus these research questions will enable any reader of this work to comprehend clearly what the study is all about.

  1. To what extent has anids gone in bringing about national development and sustainable democracy?
  2. What are the problems militating against the national development and sustainable democracy intended by anids?
  3. Do you think anids introduced by peter obi is the right strategy for tackling the problems in anambra state?
  4. Which sectors of anambra’s economy have felt the impact of anids?
  5. What do you think are the problems preventing or delaying the successful implementation of anids?

 

1.6 scope of the study

oruala (1985:38) stated that an adequate statement of the problem also defines if very carefully in terms of its scope and it very obvious for a researcher to set forth the bounds of the topic being studied. These are the essential things in the scope of a research work. Based on the above issue of sustainable democracy a dependent variable to national development, the areas t5hat this study is mostly affected is anambra people (from 2007-2009)

1.7 definition of terms

Democracy:   abraham lincoln, a one time president of the usa, defined democracy as government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Development:       the gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advance, stronger a new event or stage that is likely to affect what happen in a continuity situation. It could be in political and economic.

Essential:      it means completely necessary, extremely important in a particular situation for a particular activity.

National development:        ademolekun (1986:92) true national development resides in the development of man a process by which man’s personality is enhanced and that it is that enhanced social economic transformation of any society.

Sustainable democracy: according to lorimer et al (1995) sustainable democracy means continued reasonably high and stable level of democracy.

Variable:        oxford advanced learner’s dictionary 6th edition defined variable as often changing lively to change.

Dependent:    oxford advanced learner’s dictionary 6th edition defined dependent as needing in order to survive or be successful.

 

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ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND ITS EFFECT ON WORKERS PERFORMANCE

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND ITS EFFECT ON WORKERS PERFORMANCE

 

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The organization structure is the basic framework within which the executive decision making behavior occurs. The quality and the nature of the decisions made are influenced by the nature of the structure. Organization as an element of management is concerned with the grouping of activities in such manner that enterprise objectives are attained.

The choice of the topic of this project: The organizational structure and its effects on workers performance was motivated by the interest of the researchers to known the structure of the Kaduna North Local Government and the performance of the workers.

Organization may be seen as a new phenomenon that is particular to modern society; they existed even in the pre-industrial societies. Many authors have given many definitions of organization. It then lies in one to consider which is more appropriate to suit the meaning of organization.

The definition most suited is the one outlined by edge (1979). He was of the opinion that individual alone is unable to fulfill its need and wishes, particularly in modern societies, that are lacking either ability, strength, time or endurance to fulfill their basic need for food, shelter and safety. As severely of this people coordinate effort, however they find that together they can do more than any of them could have singularly. The large organization will do better than individuals will, for all members to fulfill needs, and basic concepts of organization in the idea of cooperation of effort in the service of mutual help in needed.

In order to achieve coordination of effort there must be existence of some goals to be achieved and some agreements concerning these goals. The second idea underlining the concept of organization is the idea of achieving some common goals or purpose through coordination of activities.

Formal organization, is seen by Bernard (1969) as when the activities of two or more persons have consciously coordinated towards a given objective. This is when people are asked to communicate, willing to act and share a purpose.

Informal organization, is personal activity without consciously joint purpose, even though contributing to joint result. The formal organization can be people that walk down the street, group of people in a boat etc. in this research we are concentrate on formal organization in government set-up in Kaduna North Local Government Area.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research work believes that organizational structure is the main roof of effective workflow in any organization. Hence the researcher’s concern is that organizations can be frustrated or sabotaged by the problem of improper definition of duties for top management and their subordinates most especially the local government workers in Nigeria. Also poor relationship between superior and subordinate were identified as an impediment to effective work performance.

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

i.        To determine the kind of

EFFICIENT CORPORATE IMAGE MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING PROFITABILITY

EFFICIENT CORPORATE IMAGE MANAGEMENT AS A STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING PROFITABILITY

 

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ABSTRACT

Business organizations in Nigeria have failed to realize the role a good corporate image policy has in business dealings. This is probably because they do not understand the concept of corporate image and the necessary tools for promoting them. Corporate image, in fact goes beyond attractive products or rending quality service, advertising paying good salary and so on. It pervades every aspect of a business concern from the least worker’s personality to the dealing within the organization and with the larger society. In the face of the dynamics of our society, especially in the business world, brought about by technology, companies are faced with stiff competition that maintaining a competitive edge requires aggressive strategies. One of such strategies as efficient corporate image management and promotion.

The focus of this research work was to determine the strategies that could be employed to build and promote corporate image efficiently and enhance profit margins of an organization. A case study of Phinomar Nigeria Limited, Ngwo  was therefore undertaken.

The findings revealed that:

  1. Phinomar Nigeria Limited has a laid down corporate image policy though not effectively managed.
  2. Strategies employed to promote corporate image are limited.
  3. Response to Phinomar products is fairly high, hence it can be said to be profitable.
  4. Employee welfare and work environment need improvement.
  5. Phinomar needs to increase the scope of its social responsibility.
  6. Phinomar needs a well-managed corporate image, which should be reviewed periodically for improvement.
  7. Customers’ response to Phinomar product is high.
  8. Communication among workers in Phinomar Nigeria Limited is not adequate.
  9. Phinomar Nigeria Limited lays emphasis on public relations.

LIST OF TABLES

 

1.       Return of questionnaires

2.       Determination of the qualities Phinomar possesses.

3.       Determination of strategies Phinomar adopts to communicate its products.

4.       Summary of tables on Phinomar corporate image records

5.       Customers response to Phinomar products.

6.       Computed theoretical frequencies in respect of customers response to Phinomar product

7.       Communication with Phinomar

8.       Computed theoretical frequencies in respect of communication within Phinomar

9        The emphasis laid on public relations by business organization in Nigeria.

10.     Computed theoretical frequencies in respect of the emphasis laid on public relations by business organization in Nigeria.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the study

1.2            Statement of the study

1.3            Purpose of the study

1.4            Scope of the study

1.5            Research question

1.6            Research Hypothesis

1.7            Significance of the study

1.8            Limitations of the study

1.9            Definition of terms

References

CHAPTER TWO – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1            Meaning and history of corporate image management

2.2            Different views and opinions about corporate image management and organizational profitability

2.3            Different approach to corporate image management

2.4            Corporate image management at Phinomar Nig. Ltd.

References

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1            Research design

3.2            Area of the study

3.3            Population of the study

3.4            Sample and sampling procedure/ technique

3.5            Instrument for data collection

3.6            Validity of the instrument

3.7            Reliability of the instrument

3.8            Methods of data collection

3.9            Method of data analyses

CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1            Presentation and analysis of data

4.2            Testing of Hypothesis

4.3            Summary of Results

CHAPTER FIVE – DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND

CONCLUSIONS

5.1            Discussion of result findings

5.2            Conclusions

5.3            Implications of the research findings

5.4            Recommendations

5.5            Suggestions for further research

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

“A company’s product as such is no longer the chief media projecting its image”. What counts more today is the public postures of management. Its concern for consumer welfare and its visible response to imperative social and economic needs. In short, management must concern itself as much with protection as it does with profit” (Harold. H. Margins).

Every aspect of business and industry is undergoing rapid change in terms of philosophy and technology and there is more rapidly changing function of corporate management to   public attitudes and reactions. In the same vein, the corporate image of any organization has to be steered to change to correspond in response to the demands of its ever –changing business publics and environment. Making good product, marketing them aggressively, paying fair wages to the employees, and even paying taxes etc. is not just enough to maintain a competitive edge. The  are now economic and social responsibility that faces every business.

Perhaps, it would be necessary to ask; Is there any need to engage in corporate image promotion? Does promotion  have effect on the returns of an organization? Are there right and wrong ways to project a corporate image? What is the place of employee motivation, communication, customer relations, social responsibility etc. in the whole role of image promotion programme?

Margins H. Harold (1979. 7) stated, “Mass merchandising, new method of advertising, increased competition, and government regulations have brought corporate reputations into public view and cause executives to seek more favourable reactions.” However, many hardheaded business men do have an uneasy feeling that promoting the corporate image is little more than a perceived gesture of public goodwill.

The critical importance of corporate image becomes apparent when consumers protest provokes from large organizations series or explanations and apologies for the faults they are accused of. Companies must therefore give its public the same order of priority it gives to finance, marketing and research in the table of rapid, social and technological change. Otherwise, it cannot expect to command public respect and support in the market place.

To live and grow, to command respect and regard, the corporate image must be more than a product of public relations. Therefore corporate image promotion should not left in the hands of the public relations men, but should be the responsibility of top management and indeed every member of staff. This implies that the image programme should be part of the over all-planning for the company’s future. No matter how impressive a firm’s achievements are, they must be properly presented in the public for them to be acknowledged. Thus corporate planning is an integral part of policy decisions. For some companies,  image programmes is part of board planning for greater sales and profits. This is one the fundamental objectives of management and all its activities will be programmed to that end.

Aaker, A.A. Myers, J.G (1975. 138) Stated that, “It is not an exaggeration to say that a good image is fundamental to the existence of any business enterprise. The concept of image is often considered to be an important determinant of long-term sales and profits. Therefore it is reasonable to consider the use of image as an objective, not only for an advertising programme but for marketing programme and an organization as a whole”.

When a new product is introduced in the market a respected corporate name often benefits from the unknown product. People are more likely to buy a new product if they know and like its manufacturer. Furthermore, the quality image of a company’s product may have considerable influence on the kind of new product the company can market successfully.

Scholes, K and Klem, M. (1987. 85) see the image of a company as resources. They identified four types of resources available to companies which are: physical resources, human resources, system resources and intangible resources. Explaining the intangibles, Scholes and Klem observed that “Many organizations have significant strength in intangible assets such as; image or brand –name. The value of intangible resource should not be under rated. Infact in many service companies, these intangibles can be the key asset of the company. Potential purchases are often willing to pay substantial sums of money for this “goodwill” underlining their real value.

Finally, in order to gain the support of its publics, the corporate image must show that management is progressing, mobile, open to innovation, fair to all and free of dogma and convention. Creating and promoting a corporate personality efficiently is mainly communicating company’s objectives, beliefs, reputation and achievements to its publics in order to gain their goodwill.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

Adequate emphasis have not been laid by firms in terms of promoting a favourable corporate image and this attitude has affected their performance in the market, more so in the face of the prevailing stiff competition among firms.

The environment in which businesses operate is in constant change and it constitutes an important factor in that, it affects management decisions and actions. For any business, two types of environment exist. The operating environment, which may be classified with external and internal. External environment Comprises economic, social, political cultural, government, technological, while internal forces comprises the top management employees, task forces; and the public environment which is made up of the firms several publics.

For an organization to remain in business it has to  help to shape its environment because of the rapid change that the organization’s operating environment undergoes

Apart from the influence of the environment, the image of the firm is another factor that requires consideration. The type of image which an organization projects is an important determinant of its long run existence and performance. There are strategies that have to be developed and adapted creatively to achieve organizational goals.

From management’s point of view , without a good image, an organization is not guaranteed of long life, the profit objective of the organization will not be achieved, the market share will be affected resulting to decreased sales volume, there will be employee dissatisfaction; co-ordination of work will be unimpressible and thereby the organization will collapse.

The correction of the above management problems requires the application of the management’s functions of planning, which involves selecting objectives and formulating strategies, policies, programmes and procedures to achieve organizational goals.

1.3     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY