Sustainable decomracy: a dependent variable to national development (a case study of anambra state

 

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title

Approval

Dedication

 Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

Chapter one

• Introduction

1.1   Background of the study

• Statement of the problem
• Purpose of the study

1.4. Significance of the study

• Research questions.
• Research Questions
• Scope of the Study
• Scope of the Study
• Definition of Terms

       Chapter Two

• Literature Review

        Brief introduction

• Concept of Nation Development
• Induces of Nation Development
• Strategies of National Development
• Concept of Democracy and sustainable democracy.
• Factors militating Against sustainable Democracy
• Solution to the problems of Democracy.
• National Development in Anambra.

       Chapter Three

• Research Methodology

        A brief out line of the study

• Design of the study
• Area of the study
• Population of the study.
• Sample of the study
• Instrument for data collection
• Validation of the instrument
• Distribution and retrieval of the instrument
• Method of data analysis

Chapter Four

• Data presentation and Analysis
  • Presentation and interpretation of data According to research Questions.

Chapter five

Summary, conclusion and Recommendation

• Summary of findings
• Conclusion
• Recommendations
• Limitation of the study
• Suggestion for further research

Reference

Appendix A   __   Letter

Appendix  B __ Questionnaires

 

ABSTRACT

THE PRIMARY AIM OF THIS RESEARCH WORK IS TO DEEPLY INVESTIGATE AND IDENTIFY THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY IN ANAMBRA STATE, AND HOW THEIR ATTITUDE FOSTER, ENCOURAGE, PROMOTE OR RETARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AREA SINCE THE FORMATION OF THE ANIDS. TO CONDUCT A THOROUGH RESEARCH, THE RESEARCHER SAMPLED THE POPULATION AND THOSE CHOSEN WERE ADMINISTERED WITH QUESTIONNIRE. THERE FINDINGS WERE ANALYZED USING SIMPLE PERCENTAGE METHOD. BASED ON THE ANALYSES THE RESEARCHER FOUND THAT ANAMBRA STATE WITH A LAUDABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY THAT IS DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED AND WHICH HAS THE PEOPLES INTEREST AT HEART. SEQUEL TO THE ABOVE, THE RESEARCHER RECOMMENDED THAT GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUPPORT AND ASSIST BOTH FINANCIALLY AND OTHERWISE TO THE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS INITIATED AND EXECUTED BY THE ANAMBRA STATE GOVERNMENT WHICH ARE IN THE BEST INTEREST OF THE PEOPLE TO FOSTER NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEMOCTRACY. IN CONCLUSION, THEREFORE, THE ROLE OF ANIDS SHOULD BE WELL COMED BY THE PEOPLE OF ANAMBRA STATE FOR THE INTEREST OF MAINTAINING THEIR STATUS QUO IN THE AREA OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY.

 

CHAPTER TWO

• INTRODUCTION

Sustainable democracy a dependent variable to national development cannot be over emphasized in the sense that National development is the bedrock of every nation. Whether developed or underdeveloped in the nation. They still work towards improving or maintaining their national development.

National development is also the gradual manifestation of positive changes in the economic, industrial, political, social, cultural and administrative life of a country. In viewing the process of a country, term national development is more comprehensive than economic development or economic growth.

Democracy on the other hand is a system of government which gives periodic opportunities for the masses to choose their leaders. It ensures massive participation in governmental activities. A sustainable democracy is therefore a controlled reasonably high and stable level of democracy.

Having seen the meaning of the two concepts, that is National development and sustainable democracy, it is of no doubt that sustainable democracy will help increase the rate of national development because of the special feature of democracy.

The aim of this research is to show how sustainable democracy improves national development in Anambra State. Also, the barriers to sustainable democracy will not be left out.

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A critical study on sustainable democracy and national development has shown that sustainable democracy is crucial for national development. They manifested in the context of Anambra State from 2007-2009 where Peter Obi’s administration made a tremendous efforts to carry out and execute development projects for the national development. As a matter of facts, it becomes paramount important that in order for Obi’s administration to achieve his aim of bringing sustainable democracy in Anambra state so as to foster national development he introduced Anambra integrated development strategy (ANIDS) which serves as machinery to carryout developmental projects.

There are however, studies which have demonstrated how political, united and harmonies Anambra people have through this strategy, achieving national development without waiting for the central government to take initiative.

It is believed that national development and sustainable democracy in Anambra state is now on its climax since the inception of Anambra integrated development strategy (ANIDS). But before I delineate (describe) the identifiable developments attained in Anambra through this strategy in order to achieve sustainable democracy, let us look into and examine what development is all about.

The concept of development is as old as the creation of man immediately after the creation of man and the emergence of his consciousness in his environment of operation. It become very obvious to him that his immediate secular environment possess a crude nature. A nature, which in its character, is against the existentiality of man, hinges on his three basic needs which are food, shelter and clothing consequently, for man to eat, he must hunt, gather fruits and develop agricultural technology for him to be sheltered, he must build houses and develop contraction technology, for him to cloth, he must make his cloth and develop manufacturing and mining technology. This implies that development in human socio-economic environment hinges on technological base will enable man to surmount these environmental obstacles that are problems to his existence.

One of the greatest problems of the developing countries is development. This is the more reason why it occupies a part of every national discussion with much emphasis of it pursued through planning. The problems of development are permeating that it affects every sector of the economy as well as individuals.

Todano (1985) in his own view defined development as a multi-dimensional process involving the re-organization and re-orientation of the entire economic and social system. This involves in addition to improvement of income and output, radical changes in institutional, social and administrative structure as well as in popular attitudes custom and beliefs. Development is then both a physical process and a state of mind, involving the transformation of institution and the change in the thinking of people.

 

 

 

 

Abah (2000:1) Sees development as a tri-dimensional concept having a utilitarian or consumatory dimension which connotes increase in the quantity of usable items available to man in society. Based on the above interpretation of development, one can see development as a social change in which new ideas are introduced into a social system thereby bringing change in the parameters of political, economical and socio-cultural.

On the same view, Rodney (1972) sees development both from the level of individual and that of the society as a whole. At level of the individual, development implies increased skill and capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self disciplined, responsibility and material well being on the level of the society, development cannot be seen purely as an economic affair, but rather as an overall social process, which is dependent upon the outcome of man’s efforts to deal with his national environment.

From what we have said so far concerning development, I would not hesitate to say that ANIDS Introduced by Peter Obi’s administration have been able to effect some changes in national development and sustainable democracy in some of the areas mentioned in discussed in the national development of Anambra.

Anambra state was created in the year 1991 with 21 Local Government Authorities (L.G.A) It shares a common boundary with Abia, Delta, Enugu, Imo and Kogi states.

The state is well known for its industrial centers and markets, with 75% of the state involved in Agriculture located in the south-East region of Nigeria, Anambra state is the center of the major transport routes in Nigeria Onitsha Expressway and the Onitsha Owerri highway. The position of the state makes it a focal point for transport and trade in Nigeria.

Leadership of the state, started from the creation with the military regime meanwhile the democratic governance of the state started with Dr. Chukwuemeka Ezeife (Okwadike Igboukwu) through military toppled the nascent democracy till 1999 when Dr. Chinwoke Mbadinuju emerged as the Governor till 2003, when another election was conducted in order to replaced the then Government. The April 2003, election saw Dr. Nwabueze Ngige (MOON) into power instead of Mr. Peter Obi as the case may be. Then in June 14^th 2006, the appeal and supreme count granted Mr. Obi the power to the power to be the governor of Anambra state. Hence as an astute and efficient administrator, he Peter Obi formed Anambra state integrated Development strategy (ANIDS) as an umbrella for all development of all programmes throughout his tenure ANIDS is like a vehicle for the delivery of the millennium Development of all sectors of the economy, it is also a realizable strategy for Anambra people to attained their sustainable democracy.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is a notable fact that sustainable democracy and national development in Anambra state confronted by numerous problems on a close observation of development in Anambra state, one notice that the problem faced by sustainable democracy and national development is on its great magnitude.

There has been the problem of corruption, the representatives when corrupt willing elections to their own advantage thereby working against the democratic feature which says that elections should be free and fair, corruption will contribute to the backwardness of state.

Secondly, dependency of the judiciary is another problem confronting the sustainable democracy and national development of the state. Even when a democratic government is claimed to be operating, the judiciary that ought to be independence still dances the tune of both the executive and judiciary. they are being bribed in the discharge of their duty thereby military against sustainable democracy which will deplete the plans have in mind for national development.

In Nigeria, equality before the law as characteristics of democracy is practiced only in paper not practical some top government officials break the laws on daily basis, yet go Scot-free. The facts that these top officials are not charged to court while in office makes them see themselves as people above the law and hinder the effective functioning of sustainable democracy.

The press is not free to let loose some information that will be of paramount importance to the public due to fear of favour. They only say what they are asked to say, by so doing, sustainable democracy cannot be achieved.

Finally, most of the populations are ignorant and doubt even knows their rights and they are trampled upon.

 

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 

The purpose of this research is to evaluate sustainable democracy as dependent variable for the attainment of national development using Peter Obi’s administration in Anambra state from 2007-2009.

A critical analysis of this will help the federal government to know their weak points concerning those things they have to do in order to foster national development in different states of the federation. The objectives of this study therefore are aimed at.

1. Identify the problem that militates against sustainable democracy and national development in Anambra State.
2. Examine how the people in Anambra state are courage to embrace national development in their areas.
3. Identifying the areas the Obi’s administration has played cure role in bringing national development to the state.

4. Suggesting measure of solution through which the problems militating against national development and sustainable democracy in Anambra state could be alleviated.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is wise and important to mention that study dealt primarily in national development and sustainable democracy in Anambra state. It is also important to mention that this research was undertaken essentially to know how far national development has played it role in bringing sustainable democracy in the state.

However, this research shows how states can strategize for development and ways to attain it. Again, the academic and all future generations of people who may wish to undertake a study in the discipline or related discipline.

Finally, this study is significance because the statement finding and recommendation of the study enable the governor in the state to learn from other people mistakes and effects changes where necessary.

 

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

In pursuance of the research work the researcher deemed it necessary to formulate research questions. Thus these research questions will enable any reader of this work to comprehend clearly what the study is all about.

1. To what extent has Anids gone in bringing about national development and sustainable democracy?
2. What are the problems militating against the national development and sustainable democracy intended by Anids?
3. Do you think Anids introduced by Peter Obi is the right strategy for tackling the problems in Anambra state?
4. Which sectors of Anambra’s economy have felt the impact of Anids?
5. What do you think are the problems preventing or delaying the successful implementation of Anids?

 

 

 

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Oruala (1985:38) stated that an adequate statement of the problem also defines if very carefully in terms of its scope and it very obvious for a researcher to set forth the bounds of the topic being studied. These are the essential things in the scope of a research work. Based on the above issue of sustainable democracy a dependent variable to national development, the areas t5hat this study is mostly affected is Anambra people (from 2007-2009)

 

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Democracy:    Abraham Lincoln, a one time president of the USA, defined democracy as government of the people, by the people and for the people.

 

Development:        The gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advance, stronger a new event or stage that is likely to affect what happen in a continuity situation. It could be in political and economic.

Essential:       It means completely necessary, extremely important in a particular situation for a particular activity.

National Development:        Ademolekun (1986:92) true national development resides in the development of man a process by which man’s personality is enhanced and that it is that enhanced social economic transformation of any society.

Sustainable Democracy: According to Lorimer et al (1995) sustainable democracy means continued reasonably high and stable level of democracy.

Variable:         Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary 6^th Edition defined variable as often changing lively to change.

Dependent:    Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary 6^th Edition defined dependent as needing in order to survive or be successful.

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

       BRIEF INTRODUCTION

So many authors have tried to write some literature concerning national development and sustainable democracy. The review was presented under the following headings:

–       Concept of national development

–       Indices of national development

–       Strategies or national development

–       Concept of democracy and sustainable democracy

–       Factors military against sustainable democracy

–       Solutions to the problems of democracy

–       National development in Anambra State.

2.1 CONCEPT OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

National development encompasses all the ‘sectoral development”.

National development is an organized effort by government geared towards advancement in the economy, polity and society at large. In simple term, national development is the creation for the attainment of basic human needs.

Ngwu (1983:120) sees national development as the shared aspirations of state who are member of a functional institution.

Ademolekun (1986:92) true national development resides in the development of man-a process by which man’s personality is enhanced and that it is that enhanced personality creative, organized and disciplined which is the moving force behind social economic transformation of any society. He further argued that a developed society is one that is capable of borrowing from other societies, without becoming merely initiative thereby loosing its own soul of identity.

 

 

2.2 INDICES OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

        Economist and development experts are generally agreed in what factors should constitute indices for national level. However, wed have adopted a comprehensive approach by broadly categorizing indices or indicators of national development into economic, political, social and technical/technology.

 

 

• Economic indicators
  1. Gross National Product (GNP) Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The gross national product is one of the classical indicators of economic development. GNP is a term used to describe the total annual flow of goods and services in the economy of a nation.
  2. Per capital income: It is the rate showing the amount of money received by individuals for their own use per capital income is also know as “income per total” and it is calculated by dividend total output with total population.
  3. Capital Accumulations/saving: capital here consist of all types of assets fixed and current. It believed that the move capital accumulated by a country, the higher the rate of saving and higher the rate of investment, which will in turn lead to a higher rate economic development and income, national development.
  4. Agriculture: Agriculture has a direct relationship with development in general and industrialized in particular. It is also important because it makes food available for a country population and employment opportunities.
  5. Industrialization: Ordinarily, Industrialization is a condition marked by increase in the importance of industry to an economy
• Political indicators
  1. Independent Judiciary: this means a situation whereby the Judiciary should carryout their duties with fear or favour from the other arms.
  2. Political Stability: Political Instability is one of the major problems of developing countries. In Nigeria for instance, we have had a least seven military camp. These

 

 

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CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL YOUTHS SERVICE CORPS TOWARDS ENHANCING NATIONAL INTEGRATION (A CASE STUDY OF ANAMBRA STATE)

 

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ABSTRACT

THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO REVEAL THE CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL YOUTHS SERVICE CORPS IN NIGERIA. THE INSTRUMENT USED WERE QUESTIONNAIRE, THE QUESTIONNAIRE WAS USED TO ANSWER THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS MADE UP OF FOUR ITEMS POPULATION FOR THIS STUDY WERE MADE UP OF 120 (ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY) PEOPLE COMPRISING THE NYSC STAFF AND STAFF OF STUDENT AFFAIRS IN FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, OKO. THE INSTRUMENT USED WERE SUPERVISOR AND CORRECTED BY THE SUPERVISED BEFORE THE FINAL COPY WAS MADE. THE DATA COLLECTION WAS ANALYSED IN SIMPLE PERCENTAGE IN CHAPTER FOUR (4) BASED ON THE ANALYSIS. MAJOR FINDINGS WERE INDICATED AND CONCLUSION DRAWN. BASED ON THE FINDINGS, THE RESEARCHER FINALLY MADE HER RECOMMENDATIONS. THAT SUPERVISOR SHOULD BE APPOINTED TO SUPERVISE THE CORPS MEMBERS DURING THEIR SERVICE YEAR. ALSO, THAT PROPER ORIENTATION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THEM SO THAT THE AIM OF ACHIEVING NATIONAL INTEGRATION WILL BE ENSURED CATEGORICALLY FROM THE SCHEME.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                i

Approval page                                                         ii

Dedication                                                               iii

Acknowledgement                                                  iv

Abstract                                                                  vi

Table of contents                                                    viii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                     1

1.1   Background of the study                                4

1.2   Statement of the problem                              7

1.3   Purpose of the study                                       9

1.4   Significance of the study                                10

1.5   Research questions                                                12

1.6   Scope of the study                                          13

1.7   Definition of Terms                                         13

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW                                            16

• Introduction 16

2.1   Meaning of NYSC                                            17

2.2   Origin of NYSC in Nigeria                               18

2.3   NYSC as a means of practical on the job training and orientation                                       19

2.4   NYSC as a means of proving indigenous manpower needed                                         22

2.5   NYSC and graduates experiment in national integration                                                        24

2.6   Important of NYSC                                         26

2.7   Summary of Related Literature                     27

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY                                                     37

• Brief outline of the study 38
• Design of the study 38
• Area of the study 39
• Population of the study 39
• Sample of the study 40
• Instruments for data collection 41
• Validation of instrument 42
• Distribution and retrieval of the instrument 43
• Method of data analysis 43

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   Data presentation and analysis                     45

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

Findings                                                                  53

Summary of findings                                              54

Recommendation                                                    54

Conclusion                                                              57

Limitations of the study                                         58

Suggestions for further studies                              59

Questionnaires                                                       61

Appendix                                                                 65

References                                                              66

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Experience, training or Orientation is the power and test of every work done or to be done in human history. The National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) is the only means through which graduates can obtain the best training, orientation of up-bringing of the theoretical context of what they study and equally the challenges to face as an independent entity.

According to Oxford advance learners Dictionary 7^th Edition it defines Orientation as training or information that is given before starting a new job, course etc. National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) has it’s emphasis on the idea of orientation and National Integration of graduates of various higher Institutions. With these orientation and Integration, graduate from all tribe, race and ethnic diversities are show how life should be after school and how perform job with the trainer’s supervision. Oxford advance learners Dictionary, Special Price Edition Saw Integration as act or process of mixing people who have previously been separated, usually because of colour, race, religion etc. Therefore National Youth Service Corps is a type of training and integration designed to expose and prepare graduates of higher institutions for this purpose, ie what they are likely to meet after graduation. The scheme or programme affords the opportunity of being familiarized and exposed to various culture, tradition and interaction and equally the experiences needed.

This study however is not aimed at looking at what is training is all about or the meaning of NYSC rather it is to critically assess the National Youth Service Corps towards enhancing National Integration, using Anambra State in Nigeria as a case study. The case study is a state in South East Nigeria which was created to promote integration of people from various race to enhance National Development. These graduates which are integrated and oriented will become managers of human resource and administrators of various ministries in the state and Nigerian at large.

 

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This research work is being conducted to find out or make a critical assessment of NYSC in Nigeria and in Anambra in particular. What NYSC has done or would do for the Nigeria graduates. The National Youth Service Corps is a programme designed to inculcate discipline to the Youths by instilling in them a tradition of industry and dedication and of patriotic and loyal service to the Nation in any situation in which they may find themselves. Secondly the raising of the moral tone of the youths by giving them the opportunity to learn about higher ideals of National achievement and social and cultural improvement. Thirdly the development of attitudes of mind and acquired suitable training, which will make them more amenable to mobilization in the national interest. A also the central focus of this scheme includes the development of common ties among the youths and the promotion of national unity by ensuring that the participants in the scheme are assigned to states other than their states of origin, or residence, that each group assigned to work together, is as representative of the country as possible. The participant the equally exposed to the mode of living of people in different parts of the country with a view to removing pre-judices, eliminating ignorance, and confirming at first hand the many similarities among Nigerian’s of all ethnic groups, the encouragement of the participants in the scheme to seek, at the end of their NYSC service, career employment all over the country thus promoting the free movement of high level manpower in the nation, and finally to induce employers to employ more readily than ever before qualified Nigeria’s irrespective of their state of origin.

Anambra State which is one of the five South East State was created in 1991 under the military regime of General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida to further enhance Development through manpower procurement, basic infrastructural facilities and other basic necessary amenity Anambra has first creation in and second creation in the year 1991 with their capital at Awka. The orientation camp of NYSC in Anambra is located in Umuanya in Oyi Local Government has ruled Anambra Since it’s creation. Presently the seat is chaired by Peter Obi of all progressive grand Alliance “APGA” for second term.

 

1.2  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It has been observed that some graduates have some misconception about this programme as provided by federal government. Some graduates for example equate the programme with holidays jobs or as three weeks picnic. Hence, the aims and the commitment is lacking and so the skills and experience to be gained may at the end not be acquired. Infact many of the graduates regards the camp allowances and monthly “Alawie” stipends as vital.

Again, there is reluctance among large numbers of employers to accepts and provide facilities necessary for meaningful service year. Their fear is that must of these graduates are inexperienced to hand certain delicate machines and tools without damaging them during their primary assignment, a situation in which student are not allowed to use certain equipments does not provide the desired motive needed to prepare them for the task ahead.

Also, some of these graduates are not supervised during their primary assignment at all and are not fully secured and protected, as most of them are deployed to a poor locality. All these are challenges which the scheme should addressed.

 

1.3  PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to assess critically on the extent of usefulness of National Youth Service Corps. In order to do this, the research work will aim at the following.

1. To find out whether the graduate participating in NYSC receive full orientation and training.
2. To find out whether the graduates participating in NYSC gain insight into and about national integration.
3. To determine whether NYSC helps to generate pool of indigenous trained manpower to meet the needs of the country’s economy.
4. To investigate whether NYSC has put in adequate machineries to secure and protects the participating graduates.
5. To determine whether the NYSC helps in securing and protecting the participating graduates in their various places of primary assignment.

 

1.4  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

From the purpose of the study, it was assured that the scheme is completely different from SIWES, or ordinary long vacation employment of the under-graduate, it is a preparatory programme NYSC as at the time of it’s inception was limited to graduates of various institutions of higher in Nigeria. The scheme has succeeded in establishing a closer collaboration between institutions and industries, which is essential for preparing and integrating people ahead of their ethnic and cultural diversity. Heads of institutions of higher learning in the country have now realized the use fullness and invaluable contribution of NYSC in training graduates as a means of improving the quality of skilled manpower in Nigeria. A standard which the limited resources in the institution cannot provide.

 

1.5  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In the process of carrying out this research work, the following research questions were used to guide the researcher. The study will attempt to answer to the following questions.

1. Do graduates who participates in NYSC receive adequate training and orientation?
2. Is NYSC helping in enhancing national integration and unity?
3. What machinery has NYSC put in place in generating a pool of indigenous trained manpower needed by the country?
4. Do the participation graduates receive adequate protection during this programme?

 

1.6  SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In as much as the study is specifically on the critical assessment of National Youth Service Corps towards enhancing National integration, based on this, there is need to carry out a comparative research with a particular state in Nigeria.

This study is limited to Anambra State which is one of the five South East state in Nigeria.  The reason behind this restriction is that the researcher is a student facing both time and financial constraints.

 

1.7  DEFINITION OF TERMS

For the purpose of this, some technical and other terms had been used in the research work which may sound ambiguous. For simplicity, terms that may be new or strange to the readers are explained as they are meant to be under stood by the researcher.

 

Assessment:

NYSC: National Youth Service Corps, a programme designed for training and orientation of graduates against life challenges and for national integration.

Researcher: Used to mean the person who carried out the research work.

Training: A process that involves the acquisition of skills, concepts, rules or attitudes in order to improve present and future performance.

Performance: The ability to carry out duties and responsibilities demanded of their position.

Ethnic Group: Sharing a common origin, culture or language.

Integration: Commune (parts) into a whole bring or come into full membership of a community.

Mobilization: Assemble (troops etc) for active services.

Pre-Judices: Before the administration of justices.

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0  INTRODUCTION

       In order to carry out this research work effectively, investigations were made into related work done on this topic. Although not much has been written on this topic, however, there are related works done by some indigenous and foreign authors which are somehow related to this problem. The information gathered are grouped under the following sub-headings.

1. NYSC as a means of practical on-the-job training and orientation.
2. NYSC as a means of providing indigenous manpower needed.
3. NYSC and graduates experiment in national integration.

 

2.1  MEANING OF NYSC

“NYSC” categorically means the National Youth Service Corps scheme it is the only means in which graduates can obtained the best orientation and integration ahead of challenges they are likely to face after graduation.

This experience receive will help to promote National Integration and equally reduces the incessant ethnic diversity. The National Youth Service Corps is very important to every graduates of universities, polytechnics and colleges of education both federal and states to enables the graduates to get and acquire more practical and gainful admission into labour market.

 

2.2  ORIGIN OF NYSC IN NIGERIA

 

 

 

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PROMOTING PRODUCTIVITY IN CIVIL SERVICE

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION)

 

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ABSTRACT

 

This study is a research of the Enugu state civil service commission the purpose of the study includes.

• To find out whether civil servant are actually performing below standard.
• To find out whether productivity is really declining in the civil service
• To find out what the cause are in the civil service
• To find out measures to be fake in order to arrest the situation

 

While carrying out the research the duties collection method adopted was the questionnaire the statistical toll used was chi- square.  A total of one hundred questionnaires were distributed act of which twenty worse referenced the finding from the hypothesis and research questions show that.

• Adequate knowledge of job requirement recruitment of motivation and use of official working hand in the civil service.
• The important of incentives and motivation to increasing efficiency in the civil service.

 

At the and the researcher made recommendations some of them include.

• Management should improve the working conductive for the staff to achieve organizational goal.
• They should and have a communication un between them because communication is one of the toll that could to effective management and employs skilled people in order to have efficient out put and to achieve them objectives .
• Management should also motivate their workers through

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

Title page

Certification/Approval page

Dedication.

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

List of table

 

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1     Background of study.

1.2     Statements of problem.

• Objective of the study
• Scope of the study
• Research questions
• Research hypothesis
• Significance of the study

1.8     Limitations of the study

Reference

 

CHAPTER TWO

Review of related literature

• Meaning of productivity
• Productivity decline in the civil service
• Cause of productivity decline in the civil service
• Conduction for promoting productivity in the civil service

Reference

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

• Research design
• Source of data

3.3     Population of the study

3.3    Determination of Sample size

3.5    Sample Technique

3.5     Research Instrument

3.6     Validation of the instrument

3.7     Instrument  Return rate

• Method of data analysis

References

CHAPTER FOUR

Date presentation and analysis

• Presentation & analysis data
• Testing of hypothesis
• Summary of result.

Reference

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDING,  recommendation and conclusion

• Summary of findings
• Conclusion
• Implications of the research findings
• Suggestion for further research

Reference

Bibliography

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

There historical background the civil service data back to the end of colonial masters and post independence period.

After the second world war there were about 14 British administration in the recitation to Nigerians supported staff and one European stenotherm..  The headquarter of    the most technical departments was in Ebutometa that of the veterinary service was in vow while that agriculture and  forestry was in Ibanda field administration was co-ordination  from two centers Kaduna for  the north and  Lagos later Enugu for  the south. In 1939 southern Nigeria was split into two regions eastern and western region respectively.  The Rechard constitution in 1946 further divided the country into the regions namely.  The northern and eastern regions.  The McPherson constitution of 1951 introduced the apartments of ministers for the regions and at the center, there were also the suggest the independence of the civil service between the politicians in office and the authorities of the central government.

During the Lord Laugard era the duties of all administrative offices were just that of maintaining law and order in the district placed under their immediate administrative control. It was only at the end of world war 11 (two) that effort were made to achieve some social and economic benefit for Nigerians.  It was at that time that such office like the department of marketing and export were established.  In he western Nigeria civil   servant were told that policy making was the exclusive   function of the legislature.  So, the civil savants were to do whatever the legislature wanted them to do. in the eastern state civil servant were to give sound advice to the political leaders control the traditional aspects  of the government  activities and were also to be efficient executives who    could manage and treat all the complex operations of modern state.

 

In   the northern Nigeria the duties of administration office includes to give out him self you service to train people to build up an efficient institution of local government and finally to facilitate  the emergence  of an intelligent and responsible public opinion. The system of administration that    emerged on independence was British in character.  It was also English language that was used as a medium of communication in the conduct of government.  The country sought civil war six years after independence and this was quickly followed by another six years of oil boom which brought about extreme materialism. This gave use to great indiscipline corruption and  a total contemplation of order within    the whole society including  the civil service.  Having discussed the historised background of the civil service and its roles before and after independence, it is necessary at this stage to define the “productivity which is the main objective of this research.

 

Productivity has been defined as the volume of goods and service produced per worker with in some specified unit of the year month week day and hour.  For some years now there has been consistent public outcry about continued decline of productivity in the civil service.  It is for this reason that this work is been carried out in the view to finding the causes and thereby bring about commendation that will promote productivity in the civil in general to achieve a successful result in the programme, this researcher has decided to carry out a case study of Enugu state civil service commission

 

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There has been consistent low productivity in the civil service since Nigeria become independence.  This study is set out to asses the knowledge of job motivation and use of official work hours in the civil service in order to promote productivity.

 

• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the present study is to large extent explained by the tittles promoting productivity in the civil service. To be more specific the purpose are as follows.

1. i) To identify the things that makes civil servant to perform below standard.
2. ii) To find out the main cause of productivity decline in the civil service commission.

iii) And to determine the measures to be taken in order to arrest the situation

 

 

 

• SCOPE OF THE STUDY

For one to carry out a research of this nature one would always require adequate provision of finance and accurate information. The inadequate of these factors affected this research in the following.

FINANCE: It has been major in any type of project. This id true in the sense that some has to make some trips from one place to another in research of information. Unfortunately the cost of transportation has uses greatly these days making it difficult for the researcher to level to all the places he would have wanted.

 

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY:     At the time questionnaire were distributed to some members of staff of Enugu state civil service commission. Some felt reluctant  to receive them on the pretence that they were too busy with office work.  Some workers even complained that because they were civil servant they could not answer every question.

 

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research question of the present study are to a large extent explained by  the little promoting productivity in civil service commission specifically they are as follows. Was quite constrained  by times given to carry out a study magnitude.

FINANCE: Lack of sufficient finance was another factor that constrained  the study as there was insufficient found (money) to meeting up with the financial demand of the study.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research question of the present study are to a large extent explained by  the little promoting productivity in civil service commission specifically they are as follows.

1. What are the thing that makes civil servant to perform below standard
2. What are the main cause of productivity decline in the civil service commission

• What is the measure to be taken modern to arrest the situation?
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

In seeking for ways of promoting productivity in the civil service in Enugu state civil service commission, it is essential that one would have a through understanding of the  low productivity in service, it is when this understanding is there that suggestions can be made to  solve the problems

The following research hypothesis are being considered.

H0:    Adequate knowledge of job acquirement does not promote efficiency

and effectiveness in the civil service

 

H1:    Adequate knowledge of job acquirement does not promote efficiency

and effectiveness in the civil service

H0:    Recruitment of qualified personals does not ensure high performance in

civil service

H1: Recruitment of qualified personals ensure high performance in

civil service

H0:    Incentive and motivation does not promote productivity in civil service.

H1:    Incentive and motivation does not promote productivity in civil service.

H0:    The use of official working house does not promote productivity in the

civil service

H1:              The use of official working house promote productivity in the civil service

 

 

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The main significance of this study is to promote productivity in the civil service mainly in the Enugu state civil service commission.

If the productivity of Enugu state civil service commission is promoted the following people will benefit from it

• The civil servant of the commission they will benefit in the sense that the workers in the commission will be enjoying good pay and allowances
• The government will also benefit from the promotion, in this case government will no more be faced with the problems of state and complains that comes from the civil servant of the commission.

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

 

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• MEANING PF PRODCTIVITY

The term productivity may be perceived by different people in different ways and situation.

This according to Dr. Solomon he deformed productivity as companies between the quantity of goods and service employed in living out these goods and services.

Another author, A.M Soba defines productivity as the volume of goods and service produced   by a worker within some specified unit of the year week day or hours.

 

 

Productivity is a measure of production efficiency as a relationship between output and input.  Form these definitions, it can be seen how different people lend to view productivity. There is no standard basis of calculation on scale on which productivity could be measured in different situation.  It is rather, a general used relates output to input. In discussing how different people look at productivity.  It will be necessary to hate some people who would at one time or the other be involved in promoting productivity.  For example an economist may want to make companion of productivity in standard internationally or between different organizations.

 

 

An accountant may view productivity in financial terms such as ratio between investment and returns, an engineer will tend to concentrate only in physical asset while a personnel manager may be concerned with measurement technique to obtain result.

 

Finally productivity is the measure of how well resource are brought together in organization and utilized for accomplishing a set of result.  It is reaching the highest level of performance with the least expenditure of resource.  Productivity simple means a combination of effectiveness and efficiency.

Effectiveness have refers to performance while efficiency refers to resource utilization.

 

• PRODUCTIVITY DECLINE IN THE CIVIL SERVICE

CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR

A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT ENUGU

 

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ABSTRACT

 

From independence (1960) till date the Nigeria society has been under-going rapid transition with the unavailable and the unusual step  by step transformation  process that affect all social systems of the Nigerian society. The public sector organization being deliberately and hurriedly reformed to avoid the pit falls of the past. Instantly, erratic decisions are being made, new programme established and the old ones re-established with new strategies in an effort to achieve a new social order.

In achieving this social order a number of reforms are introduced into the public sector organizations and these (reforms) tends to be prone to a form of organizational crisis or another.  With regards to the Nigerian  public sector these crisis arise out of situational uncertainties and inadequacies of an organization. These could be as a result of power tussles, inadequate funds, psychological disorientation of employees in an organization and its employers rejection of managements / authorities reforms. Any such crisis is capable of distorting the realization of organizations objectives.

An important step is ensuring success in the realization of these public sector organizations and to understand the dynamics of a particular crisis and implement appropriate remedies on conditions that the change motivators are genius and determined. We all know that the understanding of the dynamics of crisis is lacked in the public sector of Nigerian Economy. It is also true that our administrators in the public sector are always involved in the crisis management. In conclusion, we can see that there is no effective tool for crisis management in the Nigerian public sector.

For this singular reason the Enugu North Local Government (ENLG) was chosen to give a clear picture of public sector organization whose administrators have not been able to note that local government were created to act as an autonomous part of the central government in Nigeria.

In this study we have been able to identify few of the numerous crisis that could hit the ENLG and ranked them in order of probability of occurrence using that crisis with the highest probability in developing a crisis management more for use by organizations in the public sector of the Nigeria economy.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

• Background of the study
• Statement of problem
• Research questions objective of study
• Objective of study
• Significance of study
• Scope and limitation
• Operational definition of terms

Reference

 

CHAPTER TWO

Review of related literature

2.1     A review of crisis management

2.2     Meaning of crisis

2.3     An overview of crisis management

2.4     Crisis forecast

2.5     Objective of crisis management

Reference

 

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology and design

3.1     Sources of data

3.2     Data collection

3.3     Statistical tools

3.4     Sample procedure and size

3.5     The population and size

Reference

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Date presentation and analysis

4.1     Presentation of data

4.2     Analysis of data

Reference

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Recommendation and Conclusion

5.1     Summary of major findings

5.2     Conclusion

5.3     Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendix    I

Appendix    II

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

The Nigerian society is under-going a rapid transition in addition to the inevitable and unusually gradual transformation processes that affect all social systems, the institutions economic, political, legal etc. of the Nigerian society, are being deliberately and hurriedly reformed to avoid the pitfalls of the past new decision programes are established and new strategic adopted all in an effort to achieve a social order.

 

 

One of the on-going strategies to do this is the reform introduced into the public sector by the office of the chief of General Staff (CGS) making the local government an effective third tier of the government. Usually, such reforms tend to point to one form of organizational crisis or another crisis were refers to an usual situation the outcome of which is uncertain or capable of generating conflict. With regards to the Nigerian public sector, it arises out of the inherent disposition of the system to distort the political and administrative processes by its decisions or operations. It also arises from situational uncertainties and inadequacies of an organization.

 

 

There could be power tussle, inadequate funds or time to execute all envisaged projects. Psychological disorientation of the populace / employee and its rejection of the reform. There could be also either a lack of understanding of the full implication of established programmes or a deliberate clinging to politics established primarily to protect institutionalized class relations. Any such crisis is capable of distorting the achievement of the desired objectives of the public sector. Part of the process of ensuring success in the achievement of goals of these public sector organization is to understand the dynamics of such crisis and apply appropriate remedies, provided that thee change motivators are genuine and determined.

 

 

It is a known fact that the understanding of the dynamics of crisis is lacking in the public sector of the Nigerian economy it is equally true that the Chief Executive and administrators in the public sector are involved in the management of crisis rather than in crisis management. From the foregoing, it is seen that there is no effective tool for crisis management in the Nigerian public sector because  of its large size. It is pertinent that an organization within this sector is used as a  reference point in order to limit the wideness of this study. The Enugu North Local Government (ENLG) has been chosen for proper representation of the public sector organization in the economy.

 

 

In this thesis, we intend to identify a few crisis situation that could hit ENLG and through the research, rank them in the order of their probability of occurring. I will then use the crisis with the highest probability, to develop a crisis management tool for organizations within the public sector of the Nigerian economy.

 

 

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The local’s government has been characterized by instability and discontinuity emanating from one crisis situation or the other. These crisis are often prompted by the activity of the federal government and other environmental factors which usually lead to complete dissolution and or take over of functions of the management group by government appointed administrators. In order words, the LG. of this country have always been subjected to the whims and caprices of the federal government. They were not allowed to make their own decisions as to contributing to the Nigerian economy or either way they give enough financial assistance (authority) to be accountable to the devise inherent is such local government.

 

 

The various government reforms are aimed at stabilizing and rationalizing local government organization or corporations. It is quite unfortunate however that the chosen implementation strategies seen to have resulted in unanticipated policy outcomes. As a matter of fact it is clear to all that the aims of establishing the local government in Nigeria which is to be an effective third tier of the government has not been realized. It is believed that this is mainly due to the inability of the local government to effectively manage the forms  of crisis that afflicted it since their inception.   It is against this background that crisis management in local government is being investigated.

 

 

Every crisis has four (4) main stages and allowing each crisis to pass through the four states has been the bare of effective local government in Nigeria.

The four stages of crisis include:

• Prodromal stage (early warning stage )
• Acute stage
• Chronic stages
• Resolution stages

Crisis management aim at avoiding the acute and chronic stages of crisis. A crisis is said to be effectively managed if it moves from prodromal to resolution stage we are aware that this has not been the case in the local government their crisis have been known to have gone through the four stages with inevitable consequences.

 

If we take a look at the second republic and early part of the aborted their republic (1988-1989) there were various crisis among which were:

• Financial crisis
• Power crisis
• Manpower crisis
• Political crisis

The entire above crisis, we unfortunately allowed to go through the four stages and this had their unpleasant effects on the local government in the country. For example, the Enugu North Local Government administration was engulfed by crisis during the year 1988 and 1989. this crisis went through the full cycle which cumulated in the intervention of both the state and federal government leading to the suspension of its popularly elected chairman.

 

 

Another example can be cited from the demonstration carried out by members of the National union of local government (NULGE) Enugu North local government branch on March 9^th ’94 protesting for the non-payment of salaries for 6 months.

 

 

Furthermore, the strike action carried out by the National Union of Teacher (NUT) calling for the collection of their annual subventions directly from the federal government and not from the local government because they believe that this cannot be effectively carried out by them. It can be seen that after about two (2) decades of its establishment the local government cannot manage available resources and avoid conflict or crisis from happening.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is quite unfortunate that going through literature very little work has been done on how best to handle crisis by scholars and practitioners. In view of these identified lapses, an inquiry into crisis management in the local government has become imperative. It is hoped that this inquiry would stimulate new dimension and direction for crisis management whose overall objective could be the search for an effective and efficient local government administration. In Nigeria, with specific focus on evolving new strategies for building a stable base for local government organization in the country.

 

1.3     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The basic research questions for this work are:

• How can we change from crisis management to the management of crisis?
• How do employee or workers perceive crisis?
• What factors influence management attitude to crisis?
• What role does the federal and state government play in local government crisis?

 

This study will attempt to provide appropriate answers / solution to these questions which are regarded as key variables in the local government administration in Nigeria, such answers is hoped would assist in providing insights into the kind of measures to be adopted to ensure effective and efficient crisis management in Nigeria.

 

1.4     OBJECTIVE  OF STUDY

The objective of this research would include:

• To examine the existing methods of handling crisis in Enugu North Local government and ascertain how corporations are performing within the bonds of available manpower in the local government

 

• To attempt to appraise the existing and potential manpower for co-operations in local government administration with a view to explaining the extent of their involvement.

 

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The significance of this study work is aimed at developing an effective crisis management tools and thus creating a relatively stable environment becomes clear. In order to make reasonable progress towards achieving the purposes for their creation, the public sector organization requires a relatively stable environment and an effective crisis management tool which is what this study is all about.

 

• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study touches on various forms of crisis that had characterized the public sector organizations in the country.

This using the Enugu North Local Government (ENLG). As a case study, an attempt is made to identify possible crisis that could effect the public sector organizations, their effect and probability of occurring based on the findings, the study attempts to develop crisis management for use in organizations in both public and private sectors.

It is sine-qua-non to mention were that in the course of the preliminary library research, it is discovered that very few up to date materials / literature on the public sector administration in the local government could be found. This is more so in finding documents that dealt with crisis management as it affects public corporation and local government.

 

1.7     DEFINITION OF TERMS

In the course of this work: certain key concept were met along the line which may be interpreted differently for the purpose of this study therefore the following operational definitions are given to these concept thus:

 

Crisis

This is an unusual situation in an organization or corporation the outcome of which is uncertain or capable of generating conflict.

 

Local Government

This is government at the local level exercised through a  representative council, established by law to provide / exercise specific power within defined areas.

 

Public Sector

This is the part of a nations economy which is controlled mainly by the government

 

Crisis Management

Any measure that plans in advance for a crisis (or turning point), any measure that removes the risk and uncertainty from a given situation and thereby allows one to be more in from of crisis management.

 

Rural Development

The process of providing inhabitants of the rural area with basic infrastructure and amenities, which could enhance their standard of living.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCE

 

Anikpo Mark (1985)       Nigerian’s Evolving class structure in area edited Political Economy of Nigeria, Lagos, Longman publisher

Federal Republic of Nigeria Guidelines for local government reforms (1976), Kaduna, Kaduna government Printers.

Rex Ugorji (1989), Management of crisis in business organization, Being a paper presented at a workshop on crisis management organized at Enugu by the federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN ) in partnership with FIDREX management consultant Lagos.  

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

 

REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE

2.1     LITERATURE REVIEW

It is pertinent to note also that a few authors have written on local government administration in Nigeria. Fortunately, these authors have all in one way or the other emphasized instability in the local government system; even the local government reform stressed it. To us instability is a corollary of crisis. We shall then proceed to examine what these authors and the reforms had to say about instability and local government administration. Thereafter, we shall look at various seminar papers presented by experts on crisis management in various organizations and institutions.

 

 

Since Nigeria attained independence in 1960 from Britain, several attempts have been made to reorganize or reform the local government system in the country. One hallmark of such reforms proceeding that of 1976 was that each region or state carried out the reorganization its local government system in the way it deemed fit since local government because a regional subject under the 1951 Nigeria constitution. It was therefore not possible to talk of on single system of local government reform prevailing in the country.

The 1976 local government reform broke with the past practice by attempting to evolve for the country a uniform system of local government with minor variations. A major aim of their reform was to stabilize and rationalize government at the local level. In the guideline, federal government emphasizes that responsibilities should be clearly defined and that local government should have adequate financial resources to meet their obligations which are mainly to stimulate developments at the grass root .

 

 

According to Egonwam, although the 1976 local government reforms in Nigeria aimed at decentralizing more power to local bodies, the implementation of the reform, tended to foster centralization of power and authority. To him, this meant that the strategies of implementation chosen could be significantly responsible for centralization as they were influenced by both political and administrative processes lending to unanticipated policy outcome of creating ineffective local government with adequate functions,revenue skilled Another area of instability in the public sector with reference to the local governments is its inadequate financial base. In Nigeria the 1979 constitution of the federal republic accepted local government as a third tier of government like in most countries of the world, local government in Nigeria have five (5) easily discernible sources of revenue open to them. These includes: grants, local tax rate or property tax, fees and charges and loans.

 

 

The 1990 federal government revenue allocation formula stipulates that local government are entitled to fifteen percent (15%) of revenue accruable to the federal government and another fifteen (15%) of the internally generated revenue of the state government.

 

 

Of course these are in addition to finance from traditional internal sources – local revenue. However, the amount internally generated by each of the local government councils is usually very small. These local government are therefore in a situation where they depend almost entirely on the federal and state governments for funds for the performance of their statutory functions.

In his book local government finance in Nigeria, Bello Imam contended that a “function of this paternalism is the financial uncertainty and instability of local government in the country”.

Finally, the local government must endeavor to live within their means because they are infra-sovereign political entities.

Enworom, writing on management of industrial crisis said “it may be necessary sometimes to try to incorporate cultural tradition into the management of industrial crisis rather than adopting the Bismarkian consent that is not the vote of the majority, but by iron and blood that difficult matters are decided” At one time, an ex-chancellor, supposed to be the father of the so called German economic miracle, declared “that the economy determines the fate of man”. Unionist could but agree, but argued that if the economy is man’s fate, it is man’s democratic right to participate directly in deciding his fate. This reminds us that participative management and good communication between employers and employees will definitely minimize conflicts and create a better forum for quick and timely grievance settlement. In summarizing his paper Enworom advised that prevention is better than cure. He maintained that “it is better to present grievances from arising than to solve them once they have arisen”. This advice from Enworom obviously advocates crisis management which is bone of this study rather than management of crisis.

Inyang Eteng, of the university of port Harcourt writing on crisis management in Nigeria university raise the following thought provoking questions:

• Why does the crisis in Nigeria universities seem to defy solution?

 

• Why is it that orgies of restriction, dismissals, forced retirements, harassments, detentions and campus massacres, security surveillance, etc all of which have been tried by the state and various governments in office; unable to resolve the crisis once and for all.

 

• Why have the universities themselves failed to address the issue. With all the faculties of behavioural sciences available at their disposal?

 

• Why in particular, does the nation seem completely brow-beaten by this crisis?

 

To him, Eteng opines that “answers to these questions is that the crisis has generally been misconstrued and ill defined, with the result that is wrong and inefficacious policies and programmes which compound the crisis have been formulated and implemented