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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASE IN THE FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE UMUAHIA (F.M.C) FROM 1995 – 2004

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASE IN THE FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE UMUAHIA (F.M.C) FROM 1995 – 2004

 

 

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ABSTRACT

 

          The entire project work/study talks about the full meaning of the STDS.  The causes of the sexually transmitted diseases were found out to be virus and bacteria which can be transmitted from one person to another predominantly through sexual contact.  The scope of the study was also special and federal medical center Umuahia (FMC) was used as a case study.  One of the studies carried out by Dr. A.U. Mbanuso at the Federal Medical center Umuahia 1990 – 1993.  His result showed that the commest and most ducally sexual transmitted disease was HIV/AIDS and Syphilis.

Furthermore, from the designed questionnaire we found out that many people have become aware of the extend of STDS.  For the data collection used was a secondary data.  The population size in this reported cases of the sexually transmitted diseases under study from 1995 – 2004 the result after study will be used to generalize for the entire population.

The major statistical model employed in the analysis of the data collection was chi-square which was used to the age group and sex.  The test hypothesis for the age group shows the X2 cal > X2 tab.  Therefore we reject H0: and conclude that the client rate is not dependent of the age.  There the test of hypothesis for the sex group shows that X2 cul > X2 tab.  Therefore, we reject H0: and conclude that the sexually transmitted diseases under study are not dependent of sex.

 

 

                                      TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE:         INTRODUCTION

1.1     Statement of the Problem

1.2     Purpose of the Study

1.3     Aims and Objectives

1.4     Significance of the Study

1.5     Scope and Limitations

1.6     The Hypothesis

1.7     Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO:        LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Types of Stds

2.2     Causes of Stds

2.3     Mode of Transmission

2.4     Signa Nd Symptoms of Stds

2.5     Effect/Consequences of Stds

2.6     Treatment of Stds

2.7     Prevention and Control of Stds

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Method of Data Collection and Sources of Data

3.1     Method Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation and Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1     Summary

5.2     Conclusion

Recommendation

Questionnaire

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

Sexually transmitted diseases, which is popularly known as STDS, and its effect is now the talk of the day, town, and world wide, even in Nigeria.  This disease is a very strong disease that is caused by virus.  This virus     enters the body through many means such as sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, parental transmission.  The main work of this virus is to weaken the body mechanism known as Lymphocyte (White blood cell) making it possible for any disease which enters the body to attack even more them expected.  Both the developed and the undeveloped countries of the world, it is a great problem medically their incidence are steady rising.

 

From the available statistical data the evidence have been showing alarming rate of sexually transmitted diseases every day as mankind gets more civilized.  The sexually transmitted diseases can be categorized into three: the first category are referred to as the first category are referred to as the first generation, these are gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid.  The second generation includes hympho granuloma venereum and granuloma ingunale.  The third generation which is Aids  (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).

 

These sexually transmitted disease have become a major public health problem to most countries of the world, including Nigeria on the account of their frequency, their impact on maternal and infant health and their special consequences as well as their economic cost in terms of health expenditure and cost of productivity.  It has a serious effect on pregnancy, and new borns are seriously affected which may lead to miscarriage, failure of development of new baby, blindness congenital defects etc.   The implication in woman such as pekvic inflammatory disease ectopic pregnancy, infertility and chronic ill health are caused by sexual transmitted diseases where the incidence of undiagnosed or poor treated cases is very high.

 

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The disease, sexually transmitted disease (STDS) is an old strong disease that was discovered before the amalgamation of Nigeria in the year 1914 by a great medical scientist known as lordchester field, in the year 1985.  this disease has killed very many paple, yet, as at that time people doesn’t believe it, not until a good number of research work was carried out in the laboratory and evidence showed that it is a communicable disease that can be contracted from one person to another through  predominantly sexual contact; such as gonorrhea, syphilis enters the body veins through blood and weakens or makes the white blood cell known as lymphocyte inactive to attack the disease of the sexual transmitted disease and this deadly disease will dry the victim to the extent that you will be able to count the bones and extent that you will be able to count the bones and ribs of the patient.

 

But some people are still doubting the existence of the deadly disease STDS while statistical data table shows that 7,548 people was a victim within the year of 1985 to 1990.  But the recent data collected shows that 17,277 people were infected as it was recorded at the Federal Medical Centre Umuahia.  In addition, the above collected data will help the masses to reduce the rate of sexual act and sexual promiscuity.

 

The federal ministry of health warns that total abstinence and mutual fidelity remains the best protective measure for or against sexually  transmitted disease (STDS)  such as  gonorrhea, syphilis etc.  That is why the federal government supported the introduction of sex education and the use of condom as a program in most of our media, such as newspaper, radio, television etc.  In order to educate the poor masses on the subject matter and how to avoid contacting the deadly disease (STDS).

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          The rapid spreading of these deadly diseases (STDS) does not mean that both the internal and external bodies’ even corporate organizations are not working to remedy the issue.  But we should not unemphasize the problem facing the efforts. Some of this problems includes inadequate central surveillance system from which all of us will be getting the information that we carry and reply in our program, because what we get now in Nigeria is information that is fragment not reconcilable.  Even when there is seeming different, there are not other third sources of reference to cross check.  Here the problem of finance contributed to the collapse of the efforts been made.  Take for instance, the latest inhibitors introduced by Hoffmann – LaRoche of the Switzerland Eortovase and Viracept cannot be obtained by poor countries like Nigeria.

 

 

We know that it will sound unbelievable even at the moment to some people mainly the youths of today that kept adamant on the warnings and dangers of being a prostitute, a homosexual, a Hetero Sexual and equally having unprotected sexual intercourse.  All that the World Health Organization (WHO) had warned that partners should be truthful to themselves and take preventive measures.

 

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

  1. To know how far people have known about existence of the sexually transmitted disease.
  2. To know whether the rate at which male are infected is the same at which the females are infected.
  • To recommend preventive measures on how to avoid contacting the sexually transmitted diseases and give appropriate treatment to avoid rapid spread of the deadly disease.
  1. To specify the age group that is mostly affected.
  2. Finally, the objective of this study is in picking the types of sexually transmitted diseases under study one by one and uses statistical methods predicting what their incidence rate will be in the year 2005 and 2006.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study has revealed that the awareness of the existence of sexual transmitted disease.  Through this study, their causes, sources and mode of transmission have been have been highlighted.  Having known all these a greater result can be achieved by embarking on the program against sexually transmitted disease, such as making use of condom as one of the preventive measures and total abstinence as another measure.  Another important significance is that, the health standard of the people is improved, while the death effect and other consequences of sexually transmitted diseases are minimized by profiling good medical attention and the use of skilled practitioners.

Finally, by achieving all these goals, we can have a good social economic planning for the present and future generation.

 

 

1.5     SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

          The Federal Medical Centre Umuahia (FMC) is my scope of study.  It has ten wards (10) two medical ward on each for male and female, two surgical wards one each for male and female, two surgical wards one each for male and female, maternity wards with eighty (80) beds, one ward with forty (40) beds for booked patients while the other is for unbooked patients. Other are the pediatrics ward with twenty (20) beds and a gynecological ward with fourty (40) beds.  But my area of concentration is based on the steadily increase of the sexually transmitted diseases (STDS).  And we are taking a more look at the four varieties of sexually transmitted diseases (STDS).  And we are taking a more look at the four varieties of sexually transmitted disease (STDS) such as gonorrhea, syphilis, arthritis and Aids.  This study is faced with a lot of limitations and some problems encountered din the project research must not be overlooked.  Some problems as: problem of finance, a lot of expense was made on the process of collecting the data.  Time factor is another problem that delays the collection of data.

 

In addition, the duplication of the data and the production of this project work also included.  On this note I was to study records from the year 1995 – 2002.  This further more confined to the statistical analysis only, which has to do with the incidence rate of the sexually transmitted disease under study as arranged or grouped into sex, age groups and years.  There will also be some forecast or production of the type of sexually transmitted disease under study in a specifically year to come.

 

 

1.5     SCOPE AND LIMITATION

          The Federal      Medical Centre Umuahia (FMC) is my scope of study.   It has ten wards (10) two medical wards (2) on each for male and female, two surgical wards (2) one each for male and female etc.  But my area of concentration is based on the steady increase of the sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) such as Gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, Arthritis.  This study is faced with a lot of limitations and some problems encountered in the project research must not be overlooked.  Some problems are

  1. Problem of finance
  2. Time factor while delays the collection of data

 

1.6     FOR THE HYPOTHESIS

  1. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between age group. This means that the incident rate of age group is the same.  The alternative hypothesis is that the incident rate of age group differ which reconcile that the incident rate is not he same.
  2. The null hypothesis is also used for the incident rate sex that means that there is no difference between incident rate of sex then. The alternative hypothesis is that the incident rate of sex is differ which states that the incident rate of sex is not the same.

 

1.7     ASSUMPTIONS

  1. That is an existence of sexually transmitted disease (STDS) virus
  2. Attempts on how to prevent or cure the sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) have been made.
  • Maximum cooperation is needed from all and sundry.

 

1.8     DEFINITION OF TERMS

  1. STDS: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  2. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

iii.      HIV:           Human Immunodeficiency Virus

  1. VIRUS: Any living thing that is smaller than

bacteria, that causes the spread of infections disease.  It can only be seen with the use of microscope.

 

  1. SEROLOGICAL TEST FOR HIV: Blood test

that allows the presence of anti bodies to HIV in the body to be dictated.

ABORTION:        Removal   of unwanted child out of her

mothers’ womb

IMPOTENCY:     Inability of a man to impregnate a

woman due to the destruction of the manhood by sexually transmitted disease(s).

PRE – MARITAL SEX: Sex before marriage

RACE:        Different type of people living in the world

INFERTILITY:    Inability to bear a child or children.

LYPHOCYTE:     A group of white blood cells that helps to

prevent infections from spreading

ANTI-BODY:      This is an organism that is not a part of

the body but was being introduced to that body

PERINATAL:      This simply means mother

HOMO-SEXUALITY:   This is sexual intercourse between

persons of the same sex e.g male to male.

LESBIANISM:     Sexual intercourse between people of

the same sex eg female to female

HETERO SEXUALITY:         This is a sexual intercourse

between persons of opposite sex, example female to male.

INFECTION:       An inversion of the body (entry) of a

disease causing organism

CONDOM:           A preservative or “rubber” sheath

(usually made of latex) used to cover the penis or virgin by women during sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy or to protect against disease.

 

WHO:         WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION

MOD OF TRANSMISSION: This is simply the way at

which a disease or disease can be transferred over from a carrier to a non carrier.

 

 

Continue reading A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASE IN THE FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE UMUAHIA (F.M.C) FROM 1995 – 2004 →

Statistic project topics and material preview

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1995 – 2004 (A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, (UNTH) ENUGU

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A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1995 – 2004

(A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, (UNTH) ENUGU

 

 

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ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

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08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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ABSTRACT

 

In recent years, numerous deaths have occur red due to various killer diseases and accidents. The rate of this sudden loss of life has reached an alarming stage there by calling for an urgent attention to check the trend.

Death rates of the major killer diseases were compared for different years and sexes. The study used cases recorded in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu from 1995 – 2004

The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if there is any significant difference in the number of deaths caused by the major killer diseases. Significant yearly differences in the number of deaths between the diseases and the years.

The chi-sqaure statistic was also used to determine if death rate is independent of sex. The null hypothesis was accepted at 5% significance level showing that death rate is independent of sex.

 

 

 

PROPOSAL

THE TOPIC OF MY PROJECT IS A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1991 –2000

(A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL (UNTH) ENUGU).

 

When we talk about death, we mean the end of life. Death may be due to a wide variety of diseases and disorders but in every case the underlying physiological cause is the breakdown in the body’s oxygen cycle which is maintained by the interaction of several different body tissues and organs. Every living thing dies but human beings are the only creatures that can imagine their own deaths. Most people fear death and try to avoid thinking about it but the awareness of death has been one of the chief forces in the development of civilization.

 

 

Throughout history, people have continually sought medical knowledge with which is delay death. Philosophers and religious leaders have tried to understand the meaning of death. Some scholars believe that much human progress results from people’s effort to over come death and gain immortality through lasting achievements. For example, the lungs permit oxygen from the inhaled air to diffuse into the blood and the heart pumps, the oxygenated blood through the blood vessel. Although the body cells require many different sustains to carry on their life processes, the need for a continuous supply of oxygen is most essential. Without oxygen the brain which uses about 25% of the blood’s total oxygen supply rapidly deteriorates and other organs with high oxygen requirements also deteriorate and stop functioning.

 

 

When an individual dies, the various tissues and organs of the body do not die immediately but remain for some period of time. Formerly this phenomenon was only of academic and medicology interest, but is has become of great practical importance since the advent of human organ transplantation. The irreversible brain function is the main cause of death used by doctors and the transplant cannot be carried out without the legal consent of the dead person’s next of kin. There are three types of death that occurs  during the life of all organisms except those consisting of only one cell these are: necrobiosis, necrosis and somatic death.

  1. Necrobiosis refers to the continual death and replacement of individual cells through life except for nerve cells.
  2. Necrosis is the death of tissue e.g. during heart attack, blood clot off, the circulation of blood to the par of the heart
  3. Somatic death is the end of all life processes in an organism

Finally, the breakdown of oxygen is always the underlying cause of death, thus the condition leading to the breakdown of the oxygen is the cause of mortality related to the underling cause of death which is the term used to denote the disease or injury that initiate the train of event leading directly to death.

 

 

Aims and Objectives

This research work is aimed at the studying and analyzing the causes of death.

  1. To know the major diseases that lead to death
  2. To determine if there are significant differences in the number of deaths caused by the different diseases.
  3. To know if death rate is dependent of sex

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

  • Introduction
  • Scope of the study
  • Aims and objectives
  • Significance of the study
  • Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

  • Literature review

 

CHAPTER THREE

  • Research methodology
  • Source of data
  • Method of data collection
  • Method of data analysis
  • The two way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
  • Chi-square (X2) test
  • Problems encountered during data collection

CHAPTER FOUR

  • Data analysis
  • Models for the two way analysis of variance used
  • Estimation for chi-square test

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary, conclusion and recommendation

  • Summary of findings
  • Conclusion
  • Recommendations

References

Appendices.

 


 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

  • INTRODUCTION

What is death? When we talk of death, we mean the power to destroy life pictured as a person. Death may be due to a wide varieties of diseases and disorders but in every case the underlying physiological cause is the breakdown in the body’s oxygen cycle which is maintained by the interaction of several different body tissues and organs.  We talk about life supporting oxygen from the surrounding air and oxygen is extremely important for life. We can survive for weeks without food and for days without water, but only a few minutes without oxygen. In our bodies oxygen is used to release energy stored in the chemical fuel we consume as food. This energy is vital for powering our life processes. Every living thing dies but human beings are the only creatures that can imagine their deaths. Most people fear death and try to avoid thinking about it but the awareness of death has been one of  the chief forces in the development. Every thing organism is concerned with the intake of oxygen, carbondioxide and water into the circulatory system for the distribution to the individual cells in the bodies of various organisms.

 

 

When a human being dies, the organs and tissues of the body will also die immediately but remain for some period of times before the cells will die formerly, this phenomenon is only of academic and medicology interest, but it has become of great practical importance since the advert of human organ transplantation.

Furthermore, philosophers and religious leaders have tried to know the meaning of death. Some believe that much human progress results from people.s effort to over come death and gain immortality through lasting achievement. The lungs permit oxygen and carbondioxide from the inhaled air to diffuse into the blood and the heart pumps the oxygenated blood through the blood vessels. Although the body cells require many different to carry on their life processes, the need for a  continuous supply of oxygen is most essential since without oxygen or carbondioxide the brain which normally uses about 25% of the blood’s total oxygen supply rapidly deteriorates and other organs with high oxygen’s requirement stop functioning.

Throughout the history of causes of death they recognise three types of deaths that occurs during the life of all organisms except those consisting of only one cell. There are somatic, necrosis and necrobiosis deaths.

SOMATIC DEATH is the end of all life processes in any organism. Living organisms whose heart and lungs stop working may be considered clinically dead but somatic death may not have occurred. the living organisms may be revived if the heart and lungs start working again and give the cells oxygen they need. The cells of the living organisms continue to live for several minutes the brains cells which are the most sensitive to lack oxygen begin to die gradually, other cells of the body will also die. The last ones to perish to the bones, hair and skin cells which may continue to grow for several hours.

 

 

NECROSIS DEATH is the form of death that affects organs or tissues. For example during the heart attack, blood clot cuts off the circulation of the blood to the part of the heart. They affected organs or tissues die but the organism continues to live unless the damages are severe.

 

NECROBIOSIS is the continual death and replacement of individual cells through life except for nerve cells, all cells of an organism are constantly being replace for example new skin cells form under the surface as the old ones die and flake offs.

 

Finally, the breakdown of oxygen cycles is always the underlying causes of death, it is not used as the basis for classifying causes of death because most fatal diseases and disorders affect more than one of the organs or tissues involved in the oxygen cycle. Thus the condition leading to the breakdown of the oxygen cycle is the cause of mortality related to the underlying cause of death which is the term used to denote the disease or injury that initiate the train of events leading directly to death.

 

In the case of accident or violence it may also include, circumstance which produe the fatal injury, then the oxygen cycle is transported in this from to all the body cells. Oxyheamoglobin breaks down to liberate oxygen when blood flows through capillaries surroundings the body cells when the oxygen concentration is low and this reaction occurs reaching when the blood flows through regions where the oxygen concentration is high as in the capillanes of the lungs. Then without the presence of oxygen cycle living organisms cannot live in order to resist the causes of death.

 

  • SCOPE AND COVERAGE OF THE STUDY

For the purpose of this study and basis of the availability of data, attention is given to the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu, as a study unit. This was chosen as a result of my interest in the study of death in hospital. This research work covers the analysis of causes of reported death for a period of ten years interval from 1995 – 2004.

 

  • AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
  1. To know if death rate by cause is independent of sex
  2. To find out the major diseases that lead to death.
  3. To determine if there are significant differences in the number of death caused by the different diseases.

 

 

    • SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will highlight the types of diseases that most frequently occur and the extent to which the sex categories involved in death. The study will serve as a tool for proper causes of death in hospital. This work will also measure the relationship between the various type of diseases.

 

 

  • DEFINITION OF TERMS
  1. HEPATITIS:- It is caused by fever (disorder emotional) pains in the muscles and vomiting. Painful joint then it is illness that are more noticeable with children and adults.
  2. CEREBRO VASCULAR ACCIDENT (C.V.A) OR STROKE:- It involves in the shortage of the blood supply to the part of the body and the development of neurological deficit.
  3. MALARIA PARASITE:- It is caused by fever headache, pains in the muscles, hot body and it is used to indicate infection and pains in the muscle. The malaria parasite occurs all over the world but in temperature climates, mostly common duning winter. It effects all ages group including children.
  1. PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS:- It is caused by the infections the bacteria pulmonary tuberculosis which will affects the lungs through coughing. It is pulmonary tuberculosis in most common in adults.
  2. ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS):- It is caused by a virus which called HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus) and it can be transmitted through caused sexual intercourse, shortage of blood transfusion, sharp object like razor blades, syringes and so on with a person that is infected by the virus. The signs of the Aids are headaches, boil and sore all over the body, watery stool and so on. It can be also affected all the age group including children.

 

 

 

Continue reading A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEATH IN HOSPITALS FROM 1995 – 2004 (A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, (UNTH) ENUGU →

Statistic project topics and material preview

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES RECORDED IN KUJE

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES RECORDED IN KUJE– ABUJA (FCT) FROM 1999 – 2007.

(A CASE STUDY OF KUJE POLICE DIVISIONAL

HEADQUARTERS, ABUJA)

 

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Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

After Payment Send Your Payment Details To

08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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ABSTRACT

Statistics is playing an important role in virtually all aspect of human life. This role is used to analyze a project, which is aimed at analyzing the rate of crime in Kuje-Abuja. This analysis is meant for correction, up-dating, forecasting the future accordance events. The objectives of the project are the criminal offences in Kuje.

 

The project comprises of five chapters; chapter one, contains the introduction of the project and the historical background of Kuje Police Station also the aims and objectives of the project. Chapter two contains the literature review and the literature review is relevant to the project topic.

 

Also, in same chapter two, the statistical tools used will be discussed, with necessary information on categories of crimes, chapter three, focus on the methodology and data presentation that is method of data collection and also source of data and problem encountered during collection of data. Chapter four is based on analysis data collected achieving the aims set in 1.3 chapter under general aims and specific objectives and also applying the statistical tools relevant to the project topic. Chapter five, its including findings, conclusion and recommendation, bibliography of what have been discussing in the whole project.

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     Introduction

1.2     Historical Background

1.3     Scope and Coverage

1.4     General and specific objectives

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     Literature

2.2     Statistical Tools

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1     Methodology

3.2     Method of Data Collection

3.3     Problem Encountered

3.4     Data Presentation

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Analysis

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1     Conclusion

5.2     Recommendation

          References

 


 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     INTRODUCTION

The increasing desire of the government and civilization to improve the maintenance of law and order and to engage in crime prevention, has led to the search for data on all aspect of crime. This will enable the government to know whether crime is increasing or decreasing.

 

Crime in a normal sense is an act or offence which is punishable by law. Crime is a term used to describe any act that breaks a society. Some examples of crimes are robbery, kidnapping, raping, theft etc.

 

Therefore, anyone that violet the law should be arrested, tried and immediately sentenced to some time in prison if and only if found guilty. The prison is where criminals are supposed to be reformed and learn to obey the rules and regulation set down or order to govern the society properly.

 

Despite the efforts of security agencies to curb crime in our society, the rate of crime is increasing at alarming rate. This indeed has been the common practice in the society especially within the youths. Many measures had been taken to eradicate this abnormal behavior from our society, nevertheless, the condition still remain the same as this criminal cases occur day in day out in the society.

 

Prison is a place where people who are convicted by the law court are being kept to await trial. It is a house built by the government in order to detain anybody who goes against the law.

 

 

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME

Crime can be classified in many ways, but some of them are:

  1. Crime against people: This include rape, kidnapping, murder (homicide), robbery etc, such crimes usually carries severe punishment.
  2. Crime against property: Automobile, fraud, forgery, vandalism and robbery. In most cases these crimes may carry higher penalties than crime against people.
  3. Crime against public and morality order: This include disorderly conduct, gambling, prostitution, public drunkenness etc

 

These offences generally involve bigger penalties.

 

CAUSES OF CRIME

Crimes are caused by many factors. Criminologist in their studies enumerated the causes of crime as psychological, sociological and heredity etc. While to the prison officers, crime is regarded as a human reaction to his environment, for example, some crimes are caused by the following factor:

  1. Economy: This is a good cause of crime in our country, Nigeria. Without employment many had roam the town and in consequence the devil offers them employment in crimes especially property crimes.
  2. After-War-Effect: After the civil war, many youths who have been trained in the use of arms were left unemployed as a result of that crime and violence increase. The drift from the rural to urban areas and the corresponding unemployment brought about frustration and with the resultant poverty, destitution and lack of the barest necessity of life, the youths resort to crime and this appears to be gainful.
  3. Political Activities: Due to the political immaturity of the masses in the Nigeria scene, political campaigns and elections are regrettably atrocious. Crimes such as murder, looting, corruption and rioting amongst others were among the factors the encouraged criminal activities in our society.

 

In most cases, the law enforcement agencies are incapable of action especially when the rich or influential politicians are concerned or when the political party in power is concerned associated with this also are embezzlement of public funds through contracts, nepotism and corruption in distribution of public offices and privileges. These are notorious acts.

 

PREVENTION OF CRIME

  1. Retribution: This means severe punishment for any wrong conduct. No doubt this objectives governs the minds of the Nigeria courts and indeed the public. When one is being sentenced to prison, section 4(1) of prison Decree 1972 (decree 9) stated that “subject to this section, the effect of sentence of imprisonment is with hard labour passed upon a prison shall be that the prisoner shall be imprisoned for the period of the sentence and during his imprisonment shall work at such labour as may be directed by the superintendant”. This law therefore emphasized the puncture aspect.

 

  1. Deterrence: This can also be seen as consequence or punishment set aside by the government in order to serve as a lesson to determine both the prisoner and the public at large.

 

 

 

PRISON

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, a prison is “a building where people are kept as a punishment for a crime they have committed.

 

TYPES OF PRISON

  1. Convict Prison: This prison receives all cases of prisoners i.e. long and short sentence, condemned criminals and those of gazette etc.
  2. Divisional or provincial prison: It receives the cases of anybody sentenced under 12 years. The long term prisoners that may be found in this prison are those of special arrangement. E.g. building, carpentry, bricklayers after which they must be returned to the convict prison.
  3. Central prison: Central prison is a prison that governs all other prison activities in a given division and it is headed by the controller general of prison.
  4. Prison camp: Used to keep prisoner to learn skills such as carpentry, tailoring bricklaying, music etc

 

1.2     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF STUDY

 

 

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN THE TERTIARY INSTITUTION.

 

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CHAPTER ONE:         INTRODUCTION

1.1            Statement of problem

1.2            Examination malpractice

1.3            Aims and objectives

1.4            Statement of hypothesis

1.5            Scope of the study

1.6            Significance of the study

1.7            Limitation of the study

1.8            Terminology associated with exams malpractice

 

 

CHAPTER TWO        

2.0            Literature Review

 

CHAPTER THREE:    METHODOLOGY

3.1            The target population

3.2            Statistical sample design

3.3            Determination of sample size

3.4            Method of data collection

3.5            Problems encounter during data collection

3.6            Sex distribution of respondents

3.7            Age distribution of respondents

3.8            Distribution by sex and academic level

3.9            Method of data analysis

3.10       The chi-square (x2) test

3.11       Assumption on the use of x2 test

3.12       Formular distribution for spiegel (1992)

3.13       Calculation of expected frequency

3.14       The contingency co-efficient

3.15       Testing the significance of the continuance co-efficient

3.16       Student opinion on the causes of examination malpractice in institute of management technology

3.17       Contribution of the method of teaching in the school to students’ lact of interest

3.18       Student on the common form of examination malpractice in the institute of management

3.19       Distribution of student opinion on school that is most often involved in exam malpractice.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0            Presentation and analysis of statistical data

4.1            Using pie chart

4.2            Using multiple bar chart

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0            Summary of findings recommendation and conclusion

5.1            Summary of finding

5.2            Recommendation and conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix i

Appendix ii

Appendix iii

Appendix iv

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          That we are living in a changing world is a popular statement which needs little explanation especially when the knowledge of today can be the fully of tomorrow or when a human being of today can oil to exist on the day that follows when such natural phenomena occur, one does not bother as to ask why these happen out when they are accompanied by abnormal happenings on become worried and asks why which he seldom finds and such is examination malpractice.

Examination malpractices in our tertiary institution have become a social molady which have adversely affected the have and have notes, the hardworking and society in general such corrupt practices have succeeded in tarnishing the past government and management of such institution employed different strategies to move up the shameful situation from our tertiary institution, but unfortunately all their efforts were uneventful or uncertainly.

 

 

 1.2    BACKGROUND OF STUDY

          Some of the examination rules which one should not violate are.

(a)              Avoiding conversation while examination is in progress

(b)             Coming into the hall with you identity card

(c)              Submitting answer script after proper endured before going out of the hall

(d)             Refrain oneself from copying or writing for another obedience to the invigilator.

(e)              Not coming to the hall with expected answer written as pieces of paper.

 

 

As regards to these rules, one who violate them is likely to face the consequences for it by the committee.  The punishment depends on the magnitude of the offence. Some of the offence after being looked into by the committee one is asked to withdraw from the institution or stay back.  These culprit would not be caught without the proper vigilance of the invigilator or supervisor.  Therefore, having seen from above I can now say malpractice is legal action taken by a person in a position of trust.  This means when applied to examination situation that any contrary action performed by someone against certain examination regulation can be termed examination malpractice.

Statistics has shown the examination malpractice became a very common they in early eighteen and as a result, the instant had to set up a coming that will have to be looking into these malpractice cases.  This committee was inaugurated in 1982/83 and was called “Examination Malpractice Committee”.

This committee spells out the appropriate punishment for any culprits involve.

 

 

According to the institution (IMT) academe and examination regulations prepared in June 1992, some of the regulation which candidates are required to comply with are.

  1. All students shall arrive at the designated examination hall thirty minutes before the scheduled time.
  2. No student shall enter the hall unless they are asked to do so by the co-ordinator
  3. A student must enter examination hall with current original school fees receipt current identity card, pencil etc
  4. Calculator if required but not a programmable type
  5. Ruler and any other material table etc that may be permitted by the chief invigilator.
  6. If a candidate report to the examination without his/her I.D card, he/she should report to the chief – co-ordinators with a recent passport photograph endorsed by the it on

 

If it is discovered that the person who wrote the examination is not the owner of the identity card, it became a case of impersonation.

  1. No candidate shall have other material in his/her possession, even a private letter, while he/she is inside the examination hall.
  2. No caps, head ties and sun-glasses shall be allowed and student writing the same paper shall not sit side by side.
  3. No candidate is allowed to enter the examination hall sixty 960) minutes after the examination hall is prohibited.
  4. Students are not allowed to tear any paper from either the question paper or answer script for any purpose including rough work.  All rough works must be done at the back of his/her answer scripts and then be cancelled.  No rough work is permitted on the question paper on the desk at his or palm or anything else other than the answer scrip.
  5. No student wishing to draw the attention            of invigilators to  any particular issue shall do only by raising his/her hand.
  6. No alteration or cancellation is allowed on the registration number and blank spaces must be ruled across by students.
  7. All students in the examination hall entitled to sign the attendance shall I.D cards to the invigilator who will then sign your answer script indication that you are presence in the examination day.
  8. Student shall ensure that they enter the question attempted in the appropriate columns on the front cover of the script.
  9. Student must rule across all blank spaces of the examination answer booklets used during the examination i.e. either by cheating, copying, using material etc other than the one specified.

 

 

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this study are

  1. To find out whether examination malpractice depend on sex, school, academic level.
  2. To determine whether examination malpractice committee has helped to reduce examination malpractice in IMT.
  3. To know the commonest examination practice in IMT
  4. To determine the school/faculty that indulges most in examination malpractice in IMT and suggest why.
  5. To suggest its effect on the standard of education for example on IMT and to suggest ways of minimizing them.
  6. To find out whether lecturers has contributed to the examination.

 

1.4     STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

 

 

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THE EFFECT OF SECRET CULTS IN OUR TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS (A CASE STUDY OF I.M.T ENUGU)

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THE EFFECT OF SECRET CULTS IN OUR TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS (A CASE STUDY OF I.M.T ENUGU)

 

 

 

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ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

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ABSTRACT

 

The objective of the study is to ascertain the effect of secret cult in our tertiary institution.

It equally looks the actions of the members of the different secret cults.

In other to achieve this, I made use of students, lectures, Administrative staff of institutes of management and technology, Enugu.

A questionnaire measuring the factors or effects of students involvement in secret cult was administered on the subjects.

In the use of mean and percentage scores to find out if any of the factors domains would be perceived as the major effects of students involvement in secret cult of I.M.T, Enugu. I discovered that the academic factor and the economic factors ranked it and 2nd respectively as the major causes.

And in the use of chi-square to find out the perception of the judges on the effects of secret cult, I found that the hypothesis which says that there is no professional bias among the judges is accepted since the calculated X24.365 < 12.6, which implies that there is no professional bias among the judges.

Recommendations where also made on how to curb the menace of secret cult from our universities.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • General overview
  • Objective of the study
  • Significant of the study
  • Scope and limitation of the study
  • Research problems

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

  • Method of data collection
  • Sources of data
  • Method of investigation

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation and analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion and recommendations

Bibliography

Questionnaire

 


CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

  • GENERAL OVERVIEW

Whenever the story of secret cults in our tertiary institutions today is told it is always synonymous with blackmail and intimidation, torror, panic and pandemonium often resulting in Wreckages and Wanton Blord letting.

In the media, one hears cases of female students being raped here and there, other students loosing their lives as rival cult groups clash, cars and apartments belonging to lecturers and school authorities being burnt down, threats, counter threats and extortion of money and materials from fellow students by cult members.

 

Infact, the manner of violence often exhibited by these cult groups on campus would surprise horror movie actors and made nonsense of the tactics of guerilla terrorist.

 

Ironically, any of these cults some of which had been in existence close to four decades, where in the first place established by people who in their own rights or good and responsible citizens of this country. Many of founding fetters are now renowned internationals figures, world acclaimed intellectuals and achievers one right then begin to wonder as to why such great personalities could have had a hand in the laying of fiber eggs that eventually hatched and are now rampaging and threatening to bring our school system down to its foundations.

 

Interestingly, many of them now utilize every forum they attend to disown and totally disclaim these clandestine societies whose activities they say negate the spirit and circumstances for which they were put in place originally. They would tell all those who cared to listen that the secret campus cults as we known them today had not always been “secret” both in membership and operation and that they were at inception set up to highlight and protect the interest of students from evil intentions of some mischievous lectures who would victimize students in one way or the other.

 

How them did these seemingly harmless students, clubs and societies come to metamorphose into cheques of criminal banditry and devitish gangster ion. From the foregoing, it does appear that in forming these cults, their founding fathers probably did not reckon with the devastating effects their actions would later have on the society and the nations educational system. It could as well be that there are more to the situation than the public would be made to know.

Whichever way it is, the fact is that the seed of fire planted decades ago has now grown into a dangerous and uncontrollable wild fire. Gradually, the entire society is earring into the bite of this cankerworm which has continued to eat deeper and deeper everyday. Unfortunately the prey to this cult activities are the youths presented to be heir-apparent to the leadership of this country. If we fail in our guest to find the solution now, what kind of leadership would the youths of today offer the nation tomorrow? Some of them have left school and agree now to mixed with the society. The bad signs are already showing

 

Everybody now feel concerned and it is good that social organizations, religious groups and public spirited individuals are making frantic efforts to eliminate secret cult activities from our campuses. The government on the other hand had emaciated laws and legislations to check the ugly phenomenon security agent have as well been arresting and persecuting some cult members as deterrents to others.

 

But as all those were going on, campus cults seem to be going more ground and rings round themselves making their members. Untouchable perhaps we are not trying enough or that we are just wasting efforts at the wrong direction.

 

Why is it that the membership of these cults is often drawn from the children of the shakers and movers of the society or from the sons and relations of men and women at the corridors of power and influence? Some of these children have never known violence before they left their homes for the school. Why is it also that not even the several laws and legislations in existence nor the arrests and prosecution cult members were able to deter them? r what is so mysterious about these cults that members and former members are always afraid to reveal anything to non-members even at gum points. Moreover, are there some existing pips in the lives of these youths which are neglected and which they sought to fill in their own ways.

This research work takes a close and critical look at all these and more the write-up is quite incisive though by no mean exhaustive.

 

 

  • OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine the major effects of student’s involvement in campus cults. It is often said that the tertiary institution is an intellectual bakery. This study tries to find out the true position of the statement in our schools. Special emphasis is therefore placed on the effects of cult activities in our tertiary institution. Attention is also paid to the impact on the lives of the youths involved both as special elements, as students and as leaders of the forthcoming generation.

In other words, the researchers bring to light the immediate and future consequences of campus cults on the society.

 

 

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Much effort is begin put into finding lasting solutions to the menace of secret societies in our schools. Perhaps there are areas that need to be checked out to ensure that in finding the solutions, the society is not just treating a sickness without first diagnosing the systems. This study mighty as well provides the missing link. It tries to do this by promoting out some of the hitherto neglected long-term effects of students involvement in secret cults and by showing the forces keeping these cults alive in schools are very much far beyond the school building.

 

 

  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The researchers of this project’s involvement in cults are not enough. That is why I went further to cover both the reasons for students involvement and remedies to the problem. The process of finding out these reasons threw up some interesting and challenging experience which are quite intringing as they are controversial.

 

I further limited my study to cover the beginning of this decade till date. The period is particularly significant because it is the most crisis-ridden era in the history of secret societies in our tertiary institutions. Besides had to concentrate my research on I.M.T due to logistic reasons.

 

 

  • RESEARCH PROBLEMS

In writing the project, I encountered several problems among which are the following:-

  1. a) Scarcity of research materials – due to the sensitive of the topic and the newness of the subject, it is virtually impossible to come by publications which dealt on the issue. It appears that not many writers are interested in writing books or journals in it.

Again, most respondents where too reserved to co-operate with me. The first impression they get is that I am security informants and agents are commonly trying to extract implicating confessions from them. It took a lot of persuasions and self-identifications to get people to open up. Infact I had to juggle my questionnaire several times before I could get student respondents to it.

  1. b) Finance – One major handicap that weighted heavily on me is that of money. Consequently could not visit many of the places I would have very much loved to visit.

The cost of stationers and typing materials has also risen outrageously. At a front I had to reduce the numbers of illustration in the text to save typing cost.

 

 

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