AUDIENCE PERCEPTION OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT REMOVAL OF FUEL SUBSIDY

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1	Background of the Study	1
1.2	Statement of the Problem	3
1.3	Objectives of the Study	4
1.4	Research Questions	4
1.5Scope of the Study		4
1.6	Significance of the Study	4
1.7	Operational Definition of Trems
CHAPTER TWO:   LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1	Introduction	6
2.2	Review of concepts	6
2.2.1   Concept of Perception		6
2.2.2   Concept of Fuel Subsidy Removal		8
	1

2.2.3	Concept of Deregulation	11
2.3	The evolution of fuel subsidy in Nigeria.	12

2

2.4	The History of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria	13
2.5	Reasons/Causes of fuel subsidy removal	15
2.6	The effects/impacts of subsidy removal on Nigerian economy	17
2.7	Theoretical framework	23
2.8	Summary of literature Review	24
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1	Introduction	25
3.2	Research Design	25
3.3	Population of the Study	25
3.4	Sample Size and Sampling Technique	26
3.5	Description of the Research Instrument	26
3.6	Validity of Data Gathering Instrument	37
3.7	Method of Data Collection	27
3.8	Method of Data Analysis	27
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1	Introduction	28
4.2	Data Presentation and Analysis	28
4.3	Test of Hypothesis	43
4.4	Discussion of Findings	44
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1	Introduction	52
5.2	Summary	52
	3

5.3	Conclusion	53
5.4	Recommendations	53
	References	56
	Appendix A	57
	Appendix B	58

4

	List of Tables
Table 1:	Gender distributions of respondents	29
Table 2:	Age distributions of respondents	29
Table 3:	Occupational distributions of respondents	29
Table 4:	Marital status distributions of respondents	30
Table 5:	Audience perception on fuel subsidy removal	31
Table 6:	Fuel subsidy removal reflects the nature of corruption	31
Table 7:	Fuel subsidy removal will curb fraudulent acts	32
Table 8:	Fuel subsidy removal is the elite means to enrich themselves	33
Table 9:	Fuel subsidy removal leads to increase in fuel pump price	33
Table 10:	Fuel subsidy removal is a way on been insensitive to plight of the masses	34
Table 11:	Causes of fuel subsidy removal	35
Table 12:	Fuel subsidy removal is due to corruption in the oil sector	36
Table 13	Fuel subsidy removal was as result of few corrupt individuals	36
Table 14:	Fuel subsidy removal was to create jobs for the citizenry	37
Table 15:	Fuel subsidy removal was because poverty eradication and alleviation	38
Table 16:	Fuel subsidy removal was to provide steady power supply	39
Table 17:	Effects of fuel subsidy removal	39
Table 18:	Fuel subsidy removal leads to increase in standard of living	40
Table 19:	Fuel subsidy removal will improve the economy	41
Table 20:	Fuel subsidy removal will increase the prices of transportation, food	41
	Commodities thus compound poverty
Table 21:	Fuel subsidy removal will lead to infrastructural development	42
	5

Table 22:	Fuel subsidy removal will lead to increase in operating cost of micro and	43
	Small enterprises
Table 23:	Test of Hypothesis	43

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate Audience perception of federal government removal of fuel subsidy in Warri metropolis. Three main research questions were formulated for the purpose of this study and other sub questions aimed at prying into audience perception, causes and effects of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria. Survey research method was used because of its convenience, reliability and cheapness. The study population was Warri Metropolis. A total of 200 respondents were selected, using the purposive random sampling. The number of retrieved questionnaire was 195, representing 97.5% response rate. Statistical analyses of data collected were performed using, frequency distribution, percentages, tables while Chi-square formula was used to test the formulated hypothesis. Results revealed that audience perceived the removal of oil subsidy as an act of selfishness, wickedness and the federal government means of promoting their selfish interest, thereby making the masses to suffer. Corruption in the oil sector and gross mismanagement and also due to few corrupt individuals that are united to promote their private interest among other factors have been found to be the reasons and causes for the removal of fuel subsidy. These in turn have led to increase in prices of fuel pump oil products; increase in prices of food commodities, transportation and increase in operating costs of micro and small enterprises. The researcher recommends that there was a significant relationship between fuel subsidy removal and cost standard of living of the general populace. She suggested that the federal government should look into other sectors of the economy such as agriculture, tourism etc. in other to boost the economy.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

For some number of years, Nigeria enjoyed subsidy on petroleum products. This came to an end on January 1st, 2012, after a declaration from President Goodluck Jonathan that afterwards, the subsidy was to be removed (Zaccheus, 2011). In Nigeria, the issue of appropriate pricing of petroleum product has always been a controversial policy issue. Successive governments have dealt with this problem to no avail. Suffix to say that in Nigeria, subsidy removal implemented by governments had always yielded negative effects on the citizens. According to Centre for Public Policy Alternatives (2012), a subsidy by definition is any measure that keeps the prices

8

consumers pay for a good or product below market levels for consumers or for producers above market. The essence of having subsidy in place for products and services is that it has direct positive impact on poverty reduction in the lives of the poor masses who could not afford high prices (Nwaoga and Casimir, 2013).

Subsidies were introduced in the Nigerian en creeping phenomenon, the value of the subsidies has gone from 1 billion in the 1980s to an expected 6 billion Dollars in 2011. In this period the specific products targeted for subsidy have changed. Diesel oil has had its associated subsidy redacted while petrol, gasoline; kerosene continues to enjoy a 54.4 % subsidy over the international spot market price at the Nigerian pump. Economists believed that social welfare is maximized when the price of each good and service is freely determined by the interaction of buyers and sellers in open competitive markets. In practice and especially in developing countries however, policy is often driven more by political consideration than rational economic theory. The risk of social unrest, street riots, and threats of civil war very easily make introduction of market distorting policies justified. Nigeria as a case in point is under increased pressures to grow its economy. Yet countervailing forces of corruption, mismanagement of public resources and poor governance conspire to frustrate efforts to sustain growth in the face of rising population numbers and demands for a democratic dividend by the citizenry (Centre for Public Policy Alternatives, 2012).

According to Centre for Public Policy Alternatives, the justifications for introduction or removal of subsidies vary markedly. In developed economies Environmental issues, international trade and maintaining competitiveness are the main drivers of policy. Whereas welfare, poverty alleviation and election cycle politics largely underpin the reasons for which subsidies are introduced in developing countries. A new factor in the current mix of policy drivers is the

9

renewed emphasis on governance reform championed by the Bretton woods institutions-The World Bank, IMF and the donor community. Lending urgency to this scenario is the global economic downturn and consequent rationalization by lenders, aid granting countries. As domestic demand for funds increase in these countries amounts available for aid, FDI and subsidies diminish. The consequence is a demand for greater efficacy in the economies of the aid receiving countries of which Nigeria is one.

Furthermore, the issue of fuel subsidy removal has torn this nation into two factions, the government and the economic experts on one hand and the masses on the other hand. The last fuel subsidy removal on 1st January, 2012 sparked an uprising that almost led to a revolution; this attracted a lot of public debate, opinions and reactions leading to NLC strike and demonstrations in various states. Therefore, the major focus of this study is to investigate audience perception of federal government removal of fuel subsidy in Nigeria on January 2012.

• Statement of the Research Problem.

Fuel is central to the economic pursuits of Nigerians, whose sustenance daily bread is tied to this bye product of Nigeria‟s rich crude.ThePetroleumoilProductdepositsPricingRegulatory Agency (PPPRA) regulates the downstream Oil and Gas industry on behalf of the Federal Government and by the removal of subsidy on Premium Motor Spirit (Petrol), the downstream sub-sector of the Petroleum industry is deregulated for Petrol. Deregulation leaves market forces as the sole determinant of product prices. While over the years, many Nigerians have opposed the implementation of the policy in the Oil and Gas Industry, international finance and donor agencies like the World Bank and IMF have been very harsh in their criticisms of the successive governments that have sustained the policy for a single inher…

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Audience Perception of Africa Independent Television (AIT) coverage of political news Programmes in Agbor metropolis

 

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate Audience perception on coverage of political news programmes of Africa independent Television (AIT) in Agbor metropolis Delta state. Three research questions guided the study. The data of this study were gathered through various Likert scale questionnaire. Statistical analyses of data collected were performed using, frequency distribution, percentages, and tables. A total of 400 copies of the questionnaire were distributed. The number of retrieved questionnaire was 280, representing 70% response rate. Results showed that audience attach importance to the status and pedigree of African Independent Television (AIT) hence influences their perception and believes and in the way they react to certain issues of life and act as a watchdog over the government. Finally the survey revealed that African Independent Television (AIT) political news coverage is of good quality, timely, precise and detailed political news programs. The researcher recommends that since the primary purpose of the media is to inform the public then media houses should ensure that contents of their news are absolutely free from bias, factual and relevant to the larger society.

CHAPTER ONE

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

 

1.1       Background of the study

 

 

In  this  era  of  digital  technology and  globalization  of  communication,  the  media

 

industries have crucial role to play in creating awareness and giving first class information to

 

the populace on issues emanating from the administrations and governance of their elected

 

leaders. Research has shown that successful countries are rated on how well organized their

 

system of government and political willpower as   it   affects   their citizens

 

The way and manner a society is governed directly or indirectly reflects on the behavioural

 

pattern and perception of its citizens. In a democratic society, the media especially the television station is the major source of communication between the government and its citizen. The media through the television stations disseminate information, news items,

 

showcase political programmes, developmental projects and pitfalls of the various arms of government in a particular country.

 

Private owned television stations such as Africa Independent Television (AIT) has been known for promoting news and information related to politics and major happenings in the political industries around the world. Hence, there is close relationship between

 

communicating political news and other political related news contents and citizen dispositions, attitudes, behavioural pattern and perception of their leaders. Viewers not only

 

listen to news, they also analyse, select, make comments, give opinions and share comments on how they perceive media effects on politics generally. It is against this backdrop that the researcher seeks to investigate the perception of viewers/audience on political news coverage on television stations using Africa Independent Television (AIT) as her main focus. Efforts shall be made to find out the impacts of television in the dissemination of political news and

 

3

 

 

politics in general. How do audience and the general public perceive political news and other political programmes on Africa Independent Television (AIT) in terms of quality of news items, quality of broadcast and coverage, authenticity of news source, competency of staff to mention just a few.

 

An informed society, they say, is a rich society. In other to establish a robust and information rich society, adequate communication is necessary and a media house that has distinguished itself will definitely excel especially in the present political juggernaut around the world. AIT is a subsidiary of  DAAR Communications Plc. DAAR Communications Plc is the foremost Independent Broadcast Organization in the Federal Republic of Nigeria pioneering private/independent broadcasting with the establishment of  RayPower 100.5FM, AIT, Daarsat – The first fully Nigerian base digital multi-channel direct-to-home subscription TV and an indigenous station FAAJI FM. AIT political news cut across news on Legislation, Presidency, Political Institution and Government Institutions  (http://www.aitonline.tv/live).

 

December 6, 1996 heralded the coming of a star in global Satellite Broadcasting, the Africa Independent Television channel 21. AIT provides a fresh slant to TV broadcasting with a unique programming theme that shares the African Experience with the wider global community. AIT channel 21 and AIT International share the same vision and a similar mission. AIT has a unique mission that of sharing the African Experience with the wider global community. With its fascinating cross-cultural theme and vibrant programme content, Africa Independent Television (AIT) aims to share everything that is exciting about the African experience with the nations of the world. The station logo and pay-off, AIT – Sharing the African Experience, symbolizes its vision: to offer on a daily basis, a refreshing but revealing insight into the African experience worldwide. This sentiment is proudly echoed in

 

AIT’s              corporate–AIT,SharingidentitytheAfricanexperience.

With a thematic pay-off which emphasises the objective of sharing the unique African experience with the world, AIT’s mission i untainted appreciation of the world and its peoples. Unusual amongst global satellite

 

broadcasting stations, AIT is motivated by uniquely altruistic aims to promote a methodical reduction of tension and friction and foster a greater appreciation of humanity. It is committed to the task of bridging the gap in global communication which places Africa at the

 

ruthless                       mercy   of   western   perspectives,   opi

 

Africa from a holistic African prospective. Untainted, undiluted and absolutely original, AIT offers the world a new insight into the African experience  (http://www.daarusa.com/ait).

 

The perception of audience regarding television news content has long been of interest to communication researchers. Perceptions of credibility have been found to be influenced by the content of the news reports and characteristics of the news anchor, suggesting that perceptions of credibility may be influenced by presentation variables. Public perception is the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs in a system. It can also be seen as the complex collection of opinion of many different people and the sum of all their views or as a single opinion held by an individual about a socio-economic or political topic. Key

 

component in the formation of public perception is “framing”. Framin piece of news is portrayed in a particular one way or the other. Social desirability is another key component in the formation of public

 

 

perception. Social desirability is the idea that people in general will form their perceptions based on what they believe is the popular opinion. Based on media agenda setting and media framing, most often a particular opinion gets repeated throughout various news mediums and social networking sites, until it creates a false vision where the perceived truth is actually very far away from the actual truth. Public perception can also be influenced by public relations and the political media. Mass media utilizes a wide variety of advertising techniques to get their message out and change the minds of people. From the 1950s, television was one of the main media for moulding public perception, but with the advent of the internet and social media, that has changed considerably. Public perception starts from an idea or suggestion being subtly mooted, mainly through the mass media. Questions such as why would the North always rule? The government is filled with corrupt politicians and what should the government do regarding public transportation etc. So when citizens gather they talk about politics. Generally, they proffer their opinions on what they think that their governments ought to be doing on this or that issue (Agbor, 2013).

 

In mass media, channels of transmission of news include: the press, radio, television and internet. All this media have specific technical-technological characteristics with which they transmit their news. The role of the mass media in creating and strengthening public opinion is very important. The advent of independent media houses in the present democratic settings has contributed to the growth and freedom of expression and perception. In modern societies, getting authentic information is critical to the quality decision making by the citizens and the legislators. The growth of the mass media and their capability to transmit information and messages to a large population at the same time combined with the ever ready good to go journalists have turned the media world into a large social institution.

 

In the past, the traditional media organizations have been the basic means of connecting the public with news on social and political world. For a longer period of time, such media have been observed as a means of preventing the citizens from knowing some of the misdeeds of the government especially in politics. Politics in the modern societies can be understood as a system organizing and governing the public way of life and taking care of the overall interests of the citizens. The role of the mass media in creating and strengthening the public opinion is pivotal. Hence, with the advent of independent media houses in the process of democratization, expressions and thoughts of the general public have been made easy. Public perceptions could also be related to their attitudes, opinions, and believes on certain political news and political programmes; these sometimes influence their behavioural patterns and dispositions toward their political leaders and stakeholders. Public perceptions are also conditioned by three key elements: public, the message and the channel through which the message is passed. The television today represents a channel of information dissemination, such as the political happenings, events, quarrels and debates, the manner in which the television station package and transmit the information has an influence on the audience, since it is through the media the audience learn, judge, analyse, makes contexts and make informed decisions about their political leaders. Politics cannot exist without the voice of the media, because only through it, the public get to know the plans, activities and agenda of the political parties (Siljanovska and Ejupi, 2013).

 

• Statement of the research problem.

One of the most common generalizations a informed and less engaged than voters in prior generations. This perceived decline in political…

 

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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COMMUNICATION AS A TOOL FOR ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE

(A STUDY OF NIGERIAN BREWERIES PLC, 9^TH MILE ENUGU)

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION		1
1.1	Background of the Study	1
1.2	Statement of the Problem	3
1.3	Objectives of the Study	4
1.4	Research Questions	4
1.5	Research Hypothesis	5
1.6	Scope of the study	5
1.7	Significance of the Study	5
1.8	Definition of Terms	6
1.9	Limitation of the study	6

v

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW		7
2.1	Review of Related Literature	7
2.2	Empirical Study	18
2.3	Theeoretical Framework	28
2.4	Summary	28

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY		30
3.1	Research Design	30
3.2	Population of the Study	30
3.3	Sample and Sampling Technique	31
3.4	Description of Research Questionnaire	32
3.5	Validity and Reliability of Gathering Instrument	32
3.6	Method of Data Collection	32
37.	Method of Data Analysis	33

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS		34
4.1	Data Presentation and Analysis	34
4.2	Hypothesis Testing	48
4.3	Discussion of Findings	52

v

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION

AND RECOMMENDATION

56
5.1	Summary of Findings	56
5.2	Conclusions	57
5.3	Recommendations	57
5.4	Recommendations for further Studies	58
	References	59
	Appendix A	60
	Appendix B	61

v

List of tables

Table1	–	Distribution Table	34
Table 2	–	Demographic Data Sex	35
Table  3	–	Age Distribution	35
Table 4	–	Marital Status	36
Table 5	–	Educational Qualification	36
Table 6	–	Department	37
Table 7	–	Years in Services	37
Table 8	–	Use of Communication Techniques System	38
Table 9	–	Impact of Communication on Production	39
Table 10	–	Methods of Communication	40
Table 11	–	Extent of Communication	40
Table 12	–	Effectiveness of Communication	41
Table 13	–	Comfortability of Communication	42
Table 14	–	Challenges to Communication	42
Table 15	–	Direction of Communication	43
Table 16	–	Handling Communication	44
Table 17	–	Importance of Communication	45
Table 18	–	Attitude to work	46
Table 19	–	Channeling Grievances & Suggestions	47
Table 20	–	Impact of Communication on Productivity	47

v

Abstract

The title of this project is communication as a tool for enhancing organizational performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the communication techniques used by the Nigerian Bottling Company and the effectiveness of such techniques. In carrying out this research, the primary and secondary data were used by the researcher. The survey method was used also. Questionnaires and Personal Interview were used as instruments for data collection. For the purpose of clarity and understanding of results data was analyzed in simple tables and percentages as chi-square (X² ) was used as statistical measuring instrument for the study. Results of study provided precise information to ascertain positive impact of communication on organization performance. From the findings one of the recommendations made was that managers of an organization should also see a communication feedback as

effective                         tools   to   an   employee’s   productiv

v

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

 

Communication is an important element in Human society in particular and

living things in general. Society’sgrowthsurvivaldemandamongotherandthings in a system of communication. According to Albert Silversteined (1974), communication is that process that has allowed man to survive in his current form despite his being singularly unsuited to survive in nay particular environment.

In the words of Schramm (1971), “communication is th relates individuals to each other making it possible for groups to function and for

societies to live together harmoniously.”

Communication can be defined as the process or the act of exchanging information between one person and other persons. It is also the process of making information available to others. The process of communication is the process by which messages are formulated or amended and transmitted from the source or communication through a channel or medium to a receiver or an audience.

Communication can be a tricky concept to master within an organization, particularly one with multiple issues. When all parts of your organization communicate smoothly, it can improve workflow and overall productivity. By making an effort to improve your communication process, you can build a stronger company that will have staying power in the market.

Clear open communication can create a sense of transparency in your organization, which builds trust between the levels of the employees, as keeping

v

employees in the dark can results in resentments, tension and a feeling of low job security. Strong communication can help them feel valued and trusted. Open communication can reduce feelings of uncertainty and cluelessness about the state of the company, which makes for a more-positive work environment and staff who feel secure and safe.

Communication is also, essential to building relationship between staff members and between levels of employees both on a professional and social level. In an organization, one can only imagine what would happen if communication does not exist. Employees would not be able to express their ideas; as a result staff(s) will combine experience in coming up with innovative solutions. Communication will prevent employees from feeling isolated, build teamwork and creates a more collegial atmosphere in the office.

When relationships are strong, employees are better able to trust one another and work together more effectively. The study will therefore examine the contributions of effective communication for enhancing the organizational performance of Nigeria breweries 9^th mile corner, Enugu.

Brief History of The Nigerian Breweries Plc (Enugu)

Nigeria Breweries plc, incorporated in 1946, is the pioneer and largest brewing company in Nigerian. Its first bottle of beer Star lager, rolled off the butting lines of its Lagos brewery in June 1949.

In September 2003, the company acquired its fifth brewery in Enugu State, and in October 2013, its sixth brewery, sited at Ama in Enugu Ama Brewery is the

v

largest brewery in Nigeria and one of the most modern world wide. Situated at Amaeke Ngwo, P.M.B 01781, 9^th Mile, Enugu East, Enugu Nigeria.

Email:  Martinmusag@heineken.Hl,

Website:         http/www.nbplc.com.

The company has a portfolio of high quality brands and alcohol-free drinks. Martina in three varsities namely, Maltin classic, Maltina strawberry, and

malting pineapple: Maltina Sprit in Tetrapak Amstel Malta, fayrouz in pear and pineapple climax energy drink as Malta gold became part of the NB family in October 2011.

• Statement of the Problem

 

Research has proved that effective communication is a key to a successful

organizational performance. This is so because it permits workflow and overall productivity. Today, with modernized or latest communication gadgets, many organizations are looking up to a positive performance.

However, it is certain that Nigeria breweries 9^th mile corner, Enugu lacks effective communication.

The researcher therefore investigated the organization and the relevant of communication as a tool for enhancing organizational performance.

IMPACT OF EKITI RADIO CAMPAIGN AGAINST HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN IDO COMMUNITY OF IDO-OSI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

 

 

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE:
1.1	Background of the Study	1
1.2	Statement of Research Problem	3
1.3	Objectives of the Study	4
1.4	Research Questions	4
1.5	Research Hypotheses	5
1.6	Significance of the Study	5
1.7	Scope of Study	6
1.8	Limitation of the Study	6
1.9	Operational Definition of Terms	6

 

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1	Sources of Literature	7
2.2	Review of Concepts	7
2.2.1	The Concept of Human Trafficking	9
2.2.2	The Concept of Child Abuse	13
2.2.3	The concept of Child Labour	14
2.2.4	The concept of Mass Media	15
2.3	Review of Related Studies	20
2.4	Theoretical Framework	26
2.5	Summary of Literature Review	27
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1	Research Method	28
3.2	Research Design	28
3.3	Population of Study	28
3.4	Sampling Technique and Sample Size	28
3.5	Instrument of Data Collection	29
3.6	Validity of Data Gathering Instrument	30
3.7	Reliability of Instrument	30
3.8	Method of Data Collection	30
3.9	Method of Data Analysis	31
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1	Data Presentation and Analysis	32
4.2	Testing of Hypotheses	40
4.3	Discussion of Findings	46
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1	Summary	47
	8

 

5.2	Conclusion	47
5.3	Recommendation	48
	References	49
	Appendix A	51
	Appendix B	52

 

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the “Imp trafficking in Ido community of Ido-Osi Local government area. The study made use of survey research method. The study answered three research questions. From the research findings, it was observed that the programmes aired on Ekiti Radio helps in discouraging the practice of human trafficking. Survey research method was used because of its convenience, while Chi-square formular was used to test the formulated hypothesis. The study recommend that the government should embark on putting effort to ending human trafficking especially among women and children.

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

 

• Background of the Study

 

Crime has become one of the greatest obstacles to the better realization of democratic

 

governance and the much acclaimed millennium development goals (MDGs) in Nigeria.

 

The country is being bedeviled by all forms of crime, which range from simple acts of thefts, burglary and verbal assault to serious acts of robbery, economic and financial crime ethnic

 

and religious disturbance “cultism and sexua restiveness and trafficking of human beings. All the segments of the population in Nigeria,

 

including the elites and the youths, at one point or another commit these criminal acts. Both rural and urban cities have suffered from these undesirable activities the degree of the crime rate has gone far beyond the tolerance limit of the safety and has consequently attained disturbing dimensions to the extent that social economic and political activities are seriously attached, given this situation academic government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as the international community have sought an understanding of the various dimension of the phenomenon including its level manifestation causes and implications for all segment of the societies.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11

 

 

These efforts have been with the singular desire of devising appropriate strategies towards the effective management of the problems, however, this study has focused on the effect of communication on trafficking in human commodities.

 

In some selected states in Nigeria, its aim was to measure the problems of human trafficking in terms of the attributes of the rectums, the pattern of human flow, and the casual factors. The specific objectives were to discovers the socio-economic attributes of victims of human trafficking determines the pattern of flow establish the underlying factors, and make appropriate recommendation towards curbing human trafficking in Nigeria.

 

In 1995, as at the time of the belging conference the issue of human trafficking was not regarded as an issue of concern for Africans it was a problem considered as the Asian and Latin American people the unfolding events since the almost ten years that human trafficking is rife in the countries has been found to be source, transit and destination country for the crime of human trafficking.

 

In West African, the incident of human trafficking in women and children were dated as far back as the 1960s. However, the significant public recognition and focus on issue only come since the mid 70s. Although there are no exact figures and data on the number of trafficking victims, there are indicators to show that the trend is assuming an alarming rate in the sub-regions. One of such indicators is the growing population of women and children particularly children in the West African city centre and European countries as a result of urban migration and illegal trans-border migration with exploitative labor.

 

The challenges of searching for a sustainable solution to the menace of human trafficking and child labor led to the decisions by the Ekiti-State broadcasting services to commission this as part of their programmes. Records show that over 400,000 children work in Benin and approximately 625,000 children from coter.MostD’ofthe ivoirechildrenareunderaretheagesinof15 yearslabo. According to research carried out, it has found that a large percentage of these children in labor are trafficked victim. The violence are spelled out sanction against those who engage in slavery and laid down procedure for victims restitution. The daily champion of 12 July, 2002 reported than 80% of foreign prostitution in Italy were Nigerian women. Nigerian was categorized in tier 2 of the trafficking in persons country list for 2001 compelled by the United State government and the transparency international. The tier lists states that do not meet minimum standards of combating human trafficking, but are making efforts to do so.

 

 

• Statement of Research Problem

 

Human trafficking as one of the various forms of crime that have of recent become a disturbing trend to both the Nigeria government and various communities. The phenomenon of human trafficking is universal and has been practiced in forms in different parts of the worlds Okogie et al (2004) observes that the phenomenon is a multibillion dollar business because of the level of involvement of organized criminal gangs. It has also been adjudged the fastest growing category of organized crime and the third largest profit making business outside of drugs and arms deals.

 

One of the problem of human trafficking is loss of population/reduction, human trafficking causes loss of population because those involve does not know the risk of been into such act, and at the same time such risk may lead to loss of life.

 

People are also dehumanized because of the invol…

 

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IMPACT OF  URHOBO VOICE NEWSPAPER ON DEVELOPMENT OF UWANI COMMUNITY IN UDI  LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA  STATE

Abstract

The title of this project is “Impact of U Ovwain Community in Udu Local Government this objective, the study made use of the survey method which involved personal interview and administration of questionnaires on respondents in Ovwain Community and the aim of this exercise was to obtain the data needed for the successful execution of the study. The study made use of table to analyse the data collected from a random sampling of respondents. It also used the simple percentage to analyse the data. The study reveals that Community Newspaper (Urhobo Voice) have impact on Development. It has been able to establish that the Urhobo Voice as a community Newspaper has helped in improving the standard living of the Ovwain people in their community. The study urges both government and private individual to emulate the publisher of the Urhobo Voice by establishing more community newspaper in the rural areas to enable development take place. Finally, the study recommends the granting of soft loans by the government to interested individual to establish newspapers in the rural areas. This with a view to encourage private ownership of the mass media.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background Of The Study

A community newspaper is that paper established in the rural area with the basic aim of bringing development closer to the grassroots. A community newspaper should b e community in outlook reporting the activities of the community to the outside world. It is also a veritable medium through which the people are informed about government policies and programmes. To this end, it could be rightly said that a community newspaper has significant impact on national development since effective development of any nation commences from the grassroots.

 

Igwe (1991:175) agrees with the above po community newspaper serves the information need of a particular locality. Such papers

 

should not be mistaken for provincial papers such as the Calabar-based pioneer. These have a wider coverage and circulation range beyond state boundaries.

 

The origin of community newspapers in Nigeria could be traced to 1859 when

 

Reverend Henry Townsend established the first newspaper   knowniin   as   “Iwe

 

Abeokuta. According to Akinfeleye (1985:28), which launching the maiden issue of Iwe

 

Irohin, Reverend Townsend said: “my object is to the habit of seeking information by reading

This statement could be interpreted to mean that the aim and objective behind the establishment of the Irohin was for the Egba people to seek information from their environment by reading newspaper. Initially, Iwe Irohin was published fortnight in Yoruba Language and later in both Yoruba and English Languages. It has eight pages with four pages in Yoruba languages and another four supplementary pages in English Language translating the Yoruba version of it. Akinfeleye (1985:29) throws more light on Iwe Irohin when he says:

“In January 1866,Iwe Irohim for the firs editions-one in Yoruba language and the other entirely in English language. It continued with two separate editions until these 1867 when it temporally ceased publication as a result of civil disruption (IFOLE) betweenashort the Iba while, Iwe Irohim resumed publication through under a new management but some title and flag”

Akinfeleye also points out that in the beginning the news coverage of Iwe Irohim was limited in scope. For instance, it carried only religious news items such as news transfer of preachers from one parish or location to another, coronations of pastors or preachers, weddings, baptisms, confirmations and the like. It later expanded its news coverage and began to run non-religions news in addition to religious items. It began to carry stories and news about trade and commerce, exhibitions, sports, health, hygienic, educational and other news items of national significance.

fIwe Irohin was particularly informative in its presentation of up-to-date information about schedules of arrivals and departures of slip, cargoes from and to European countries. Crimes reports, nudity, immoral news abstract, alcoholic promotion and the like were unacceptable to the paper.

 

Akinfeleye concludes by saying that one of the uniqueness of Iwe Irohin is that, it is still the only native language newspaper in the continent of Africa that has lived for over 120 years without any major prolonged stoppage. Today in Nigeria, copies of Iwe Irohin (though how under another management, but same title) can still be found on sale in several Nigerian newsstands particularly in the southern state of Nigeria. Most of its contemporaries have been closed or ceased publication.

 

Igwe (1991:176) says that “moreIweIrohin,than 20 three other community newspaper came up in “the Lagos Times” and “ThepublishedLagosthepre- standard”. independence socio-political conditions in Nigeria. For this reason, they could have been mistaken for national newspaper. But they w

 

 

 

 

After the demise of the above pre-independence community newspapers, others sprang up in Nigeria. These could be rightly regarded as post-independence papers. Some

 

of them are already defunct. They are “The news” based in Akinale village in the outsk Obanta News”- Odebasedandin“GaskiyaKwabo”Ijebu basedTafi in Zaria

 

 

Also worthy of mention are the Onitsha based “Nigerian mir established in the mid 1960s, “The Lagos Ne

 

5

 

 

the           Makurdiwhichbasedcirculates in“voice”BenueStateand the Uyo based weekly,

 

“The            pioneer”.

 

The introduction/background would Urhobo …Voice”acommunitynewspaper –belonging to the Urhobo ethic group in Delta State –which happens to be focus of this study.

 

The plan to establish “the Urhobo in –Chief and publisher, Mr. Ogbemure Imene. However, it was not until October , 1997 that the first copies of the newspaper hit the newsstands. Its first editor was Mr. Godwin Okpubigbo.

 

 

The paper is printed by Uvoh –Amroma International ltd. at No. 1 Orofin Street (Goodday Communication), Maza –Maza, Lagos.

 

The aims and objectives of the papers are:

 

1. The creation of awareness for the upliftment of the Urohobo nation,

 

2. To unite the Urhobo people into one universal spectrum;

 

3. To act as an organ of universal information to the Urhobo people and become partners in progress with their neighbour for the betterment of all.

 

4. To capture the essence of the Urhobo world,

 

5. To champion excellence in grassroots journalism.

 

Although, the paper has not joined the Audit Bureau of Circulation (A.B.C.), its distribution is undertaken by Mr. Dominic Onunu who is the marketing manager.

 

The paper has approximate circulation figure of seven thousand (7,000) copies. At the inception of the paper in 1997, it was published monthly. In April 1999, it

 

became a fortnightly after. Again in September same year (1999) it became a tri-monthly be        inc

voice

 

newspaper. With effect from January 2000 the management will make it a weekly newspaper.

• Statement of the Problem

 

It is not out of place to say that in most rural communities in Nigeria, there are no community newspapers through which the rural folks could be informed about government policies and programmes and above all mobilized towards improved condition of living. This unfortunate situation has compelled many people to lastly conclude that the print media have no relevance in community development in Nigeria.

 

It is also known that there are some other communities in Nigeria which are not development, just like Urhobo community at this jet age when even the smaller countries around us are boasting of continues supply of electricity.

 

The researcher does not want this phenomenon to continue to occur and that is why she has carried out this research.

 

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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