IMPACT OF COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES ON HIV/AIDS AWARENESS IN OWERRI NORTH L.G.A. OF IMO STATE IN NIGERIA. 

 

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ABSTRACT

An increase in the number of reported cases of HIV/AIDS infection in Nigeria despite intensive anti-AIDS awareness campaign give rise for this study. From chapter one the researcher critically analyze the high increase of HIV/AIDS. It also consists of the objectives and research questions that were to be assessed in the research. Literatures on the study were viewed and use theoretically to analyze the study in chapter tow. Utilizing all the necessary scientific tools for data collection and analysis which helped in giving human face to the research work chapter three. In chapter four the researcher analyzed and interpreted the data collection and some findings were made. Based on the findings, the researcher made some recommendations, which could help to increase the impact of communication techniques on HIV/AIDS awareness in Owerri North L.G.A. of Imo state in Nigeria at large.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1      Background of the Study                                         1

1.2      Statement of the Problem                                 4

1.3      Research Questions

1.4      Objective of the Study

1.5      Significance of the Study                                         6

1.6      Definition of Terms                                          10

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1  Literature Review                                             11

2.2  Theoretical Framework

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1  Design of the Study

3.2  Area of the Study

3.3  Scope of the Study

3.4  Population of the Study

3.5  Sample Size

3.6  Sampling Techniques

3.7  Instrument for Data Collection

3.8  Method of Data Collection

3.9  Method of Data Analysis

 

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1  Personal Data of the Respondents

4.2  Analysis of the Research Questions

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1  Summary of Findings                                       41

5.2  Conclusion                                                      42

5.3  Recommendations                                           45

5.4  Limitation of the Study

5.5  Suggestion for Further Study

 

References

Appendix                                                        50

Questionnaire

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

HIV is basically a health and social problem menacing the entire world and Nigeria at large. The first case of HIV was reported in Nigeria in 1985 and since then reported cases of this disease has become continous. This disease is said to be caused by Human Deficiency Virus (HIV).AIDS disease is terminal. The virus has the potential of hiding in places like the brain cells, the cells of the bone marrow, the cells in different places, and it develops resistance to drugs.

The HIV virus is such that can be transmitted by various means namely by sex, infected needles, blood transfusion, child-birth and other means. However  the most prominent means is by SEX and hence more importantly by exchange of blood can lead to transmission of HIV.

According to the ministry of health in Nigeria, Nigerians infected with HIV, now number 3.47million and BENUE, AKWA IBOM, BAYELSA, ANAMBRA, and ABUJA are said to have the highest prevalence rate. The HIV scourage is actually threatening Nigeria, Africa, and the whole world at large.HIV disaproportionately affects future leaders. In Nigeria, ages 15 and 47 accounts for more than 70percent of HIV infections. Nearly 85percent of all HIV transmission occurs through unprotected sexual intercourse.

The effect of this dreaded disease has increased efforts to make people become aware of the destructive effects of this disease. In this regards NGOS, international bodies and the government have through public lectures, seminars, handbills, newspapers and magazines and electronic  media and other means created awareness to people on the nature and effects of HIV.

HIV/AIDS became a disease that has thrown the entire globe into confusion and an all night and day research to put a stop to its spread and killing. One of the major tools among others used by the IMO STATE government and other concerned agencies within the country and state is communication technique.

Communication is believed to be the most appropriate channel through which the far-flung hetergenous people within the country and state could be reached as quickly as possible and subsequently informed and/or educated about the disease and what is used to prevent, curb, and hopefully totally overcome it. The importance of communication technique is obvious. When you are working to combat a disastrous and growing emergency you should use every tool at your disposal. Communication technique has tremendous reach and influence, particularly with young people, who represent the future and who are the key to any successful fight against HIV/AIDS.

It was also noted that many people in IMO STATE(OWERRI NORTH L.G.A) especially women, do not have correct information on HIV/AIDS issue, some of the women are still engaging in risky sexual behavior and commercial sex work to generate income due to poverty. The state has HIV/AIDS support group, which still consist of PLWHAS, who barely understand the implications of the state of their health, this could be attributed to lack of proper education. The high level of stigmatization is still very high, making it difficult for people to declare their HIV/AIDS status and when death occurs it is usually attributed to witchcraft or other diabolical powers.

Few factors impact our ability to protect ourselves from HIV more than our level of self esteem. Recently, young people in Nigeria have been moderately affected by the global HIV epidemic. Today, however the HIV epidemic in Africa is one of the most rapidly increasing epidemic in the world. It is mainly concentrated to vulnerable groups such as intravenous drug users, sex workers, the purchase of sexual services and the financially marginalized. Young sexually active people may however be the gateway for the epidemic to the general population and knowledge about their attitudes and behavior is therefore important in planning preventive measures.

The IMOSACA (IMO STATE AGENCY FOR THE CONTROL OF HIV/AIDS) director general  DR ETELBERT ANYANWU noted that the forum towards eradication of HIV became necessary towards ensuring that IMO STATE continues on its downward trends in the preventive rate from 4.6% in 2008 to 3.0% in 2012 stressing that the agency is posed to strengthen networking of partners and collaborative efforts at the rural level especially, while emphasizing that the forum will be a quarterly event to ensure improvement of services at the communities where he said knowledge and awareness of the scourage was still low. IMOSACA DG, however appealed to its stakeholders to sustain the fight against HIV/AIDS as the funds from donor agencies according to him, is dwindling and will stop someday.

A recent study by PETERS AND OLUGBEMIRO (2005) shows that the introduction of HIV/AIDS program at NOUN (national open university of Nigeria) would contribute to raising the level of awareness in the different segments of Nigeria society, stimulate research and create research networks on HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. It also noted that the programme would facilitate human resources capacity building and support positive behavioural changes. An earlier study by ADERIONYE and OJEKHETA (2004) investigated the links between DE and HIV/AIDS. This study shows that DE in Nigeria and throughout the contient of Africa is helping to democratize and spread knowledge, even to those living in remote, marginalized and isolated communities. In another study, PRIDMORE AND YATES (2006) examined the strength of open, distance and flexible education in HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation. These scholars argued that to confront AIDS and meet millennium developments goals (MDGS) in countries where HIV/AIDS is prevalent, government must go beyond current efforts and accelerate conventional response. This can be achieved by increasing access and quality of education and schooling, raising public consciousness and encouraging people to practice healthy behavior.

 

1.2  STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In view of the fact that there has, been an increase in reported number of HIV cases in the world but Nigeria in particular, which has a high rate of it despite intensive public awareness and campaigns. Available records show that there has been rapid and constant rise in the number of cases of HIV reports in Nigeria. AIDS moitor (1993) report , that since the discovery of the first cases of HIV in Nigeria in 1985 there has been a steady growth of more than one percent each year.

In September 1989, twenty-nine cases were reported in the country and over a three year period, five hundred and thirty cases were reported in 1992 alone. The PUNCH (1977)credited the residence advisor of the united nations AIDS programme in Nigeria saying that approximately 2.3million Nigerians aare carries of the HIV virus.

The problem, which was unheard of in this part of the world until 1980, is now a major issue for the public debate messages, warnings about the danger of contact. The dreaded virus has been circulated through handbills, posters, billboards, postcards, t shirts, prints and electronic media have also been actively involved in the campaign.HIV prevention and control information are found in schools, churches, offices, hotels, public joints, hospital, bus stops and in social gathering.

The federal and state ministries of health, which are the pivotal institutions of public health in Nigeria, are at the forefront of the campaign. Apart  from the health ministries in Nigeria, several non-government organizations(NGO)have embarked on these preventive and control education campaign.

These NGO include

AIDS CONTROL PREVENTON PROGRAMME(AIDSCAP) and its affiliated agencies MOVEMENT AGAINST AIDS/STD(MAID),

NIGERIAN YOUTHS AIDS PROGRAMME(NYAP), and

SOCIETY AGAINST SPREAD OF AIDS(SASA)and others are YOUTH COMMITTED TO AIDS RELATED EDUCATION(YCARE)

.SOCIETY FOR WOMEN AND AIDS IN AFRICA(SWAA).

Some voluntary and social services organization like GIRLS POWER INITIATIVE(GPA),

WOMEN IN NIGERIA(WIN)SOCIETY FOR FAMILY HEALTH(SFH),

PLANNED PARENTHOOD FEDERATION OF NIGERIA(PPFN)and

WOMEN HEALTH EDUCATION ADVANCEMENT PROGRAMME(WHEAP).

Hence this research work is entailed to determine the level of impact of communication techniques on HIV awareness creation.

 

1.3  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 

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ABSTRACT

In this research, it is assumed that unemployment is a factor inherent in the nations economics system first because intentionally or unintentionally the policy makers do not deliberately result to measures capable of reducing unemployment to acceptable level. This research is concerned with ways and means of identifying the cause and measures of curbing the problems created by unemployment.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.1      Background of the Study                                         1

1.2      Statement of the Problem                                 4

1.3      Significance of the Study                                         6

1.4      Scope of the Study                                          7

1.5      Research Question                                           9

1.6      Definition of Terms                                          10

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1  Literature Review                                             11

2.2  Social Consequences of Unemployment               12

2.3  Solution to Unemployment                                14

2.4  Types of Unemployment                                   15

2.5  Causes of Unemployment                                        17

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1  Research Method                                             25

3.2  Research Limitation                                          26

3.3  Distribution and Collection of Questionnaire         27

3.4  Questionnaire Distribution and Collection            28

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1  Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data 30

4.2  Testing of Research Questions/Hypothesis           32

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1  Summary of Findings                                       41

5.2  Conclusion                                                      42

5.3  Restatement of the Problems                            44

5.4  Recommendation                                             45

 

Bibliography                                                    48

Appendix                                                        5

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nigeria is a country through multiple transition, form the period of colonialism to independence, from literacy, subsistence, agriculture to monetary economy, rural life to urban cosmopolitan life, from the day of employment to the days of mass unemployment, the time and time again throughout the human history, year after year in Nigeria, the increasing number of graduates joining the labour market keeping rising geometrically and any hope for them to secure jobs looks pessimistic the tempo of economic development does not keep pace with the rate of educational advancement, that a developing country should suffer from surplus labour in hardly surprising, but generally, unemployment is one thing and graduate unemployment is another, employment has in all its ramification come to stay with us since the ear of oil boom which has unfortunately turned to our doom.

According to daily star, June 30, (1986), unemployment is described as a situation where there are few jobs to go around the great number of people willing to work. Here, it cold be both educated and uneducated people in the country, youth employment has become some of the basic economic social and political problems facing so many states in Nigeria recently, the graduates in this context are generally the school leavers from over post primary and higher school of learning. This pitiable “labour forces” who are left redundant are eve ready to put in their best services in any kind of jobs, but would not be called upon to do so because of the situation in the country.

In Enugu metropolis, there has been a persistent increase of unemployed graduates of institution of higher learning.

On this note, there fore, it becomes imperative to give a brief definition of unemployment. According to Nigeria statement may 28, 1986, “unemployment connotes the scarcity of job both in public and private sectors. Also according to weekly star, August, 17 1986, unemployment is the state of being employed, it further describes a person as unemployed when despite his ability and willingness to work in jobless.

In the light of this problem, the former head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces General Sani Abacha in his 1^st October, 1995 broadcast lifted the ban on employment. There is no doubt that the country has witnessed an upsurge in crime such as drug addiction and sophisticated armed robberies while broken home, malnutrition and many other social vices are on the increase too. Other factors that contributed to this situation also remain an integral part of this research, such factors include the expansion of the existing schools and establishment of new schools without a collateral increase in industries to absorb produced graduates, the behaviour of youth and graduated themselves towards jobs like farming, construction of roads, bridges, school taxi cars and also the over-dependence of a mono-export-oriented economy, etc.

 

1.2  STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The unabated increase in the rate of unemployment among the youth, with particular emphasis on higher institution has been a source of concern to the entire nation. Moreso, being aware of the social vices that this situation could result it makes it more disabusing, the situation is a delima when we consider many policies and legislation so far put in place by the government to cub this mind and how ineffective they have been as an instrument to reduce unemployment. The researcher having considered the above and decided the study the under listed problems with the view to x-raying then and possibly proffering lasting solutions to them.

1. The increase in the rate of unemployment among the youth not withstanding that the federal government of Nigeria have lifted embargo on employment.
2. The youth we have today includes those who have studied in very essential field which before now was not so. Nevertheless the suffer unemployment.
3. The increase in scope of private sector participation which should result the increase in employment of university graduate has not been true in our situation.
4. The federal government recently increased the capital base of the bank of industry so as to allow more graduate to participate in the federal government loan scheme, with the aim of being employed, but this has not yielded any meaningful results or reduced the unemployment toll.

 

1.3  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 

 

 

 

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Sexual behaviour or indulgence to sex among undergraduate students and young adults nowadays are one of the great concerns of our society (Donovan, 2007).  Sexuality is an instinct imprinted into the genes of each living creature.  Attraction of the opposite sex has been the key factor behind reproduction and survival of each species.  Most of the species are born with only seasonal sexual necessities.  They mate and reproduce only at limited times a year.  Human beings, on the other hand, have active sexual instincts throughout his/her life; right from the day he/she discovers his/her sexuality in pre-adulthood.  This instinct has found overpowering the cultural advancement we have gained over the past (Wikipidia, 2007).

Sexuality is only sexuality for all other animals, but human beings have restricted forms of sexuality like pre-marital sexuality and extra-marital sexuality. The main reason behind introducing this restriction is that unlike all other animals we live in a civilised society with strict norms of morality and cultural obligations.  The society always long for nature relationships and mutual respect between each member of this society.  The main goal behind bringing in the sexual restrictions is that each member of this society should be treated with dignity and not as instruments of fulfilling lust. Sexuality, in particular, is a major area of concern for young adult and individuals or families of childbearing age (Pilliteri, 2003).

Having sex for the first time at an early age is often associated with unsafe sex, in part through lack of knowledge, lack of access to contraception, lack of skills and self-efficacy to negotiate contraception, having sex while drunk, or inadequate self-efficacy to resist pressure (Donovan et al., 2007). Such risky behaviours might result to unfavourable consequences like unwanted pregnancy, illegal abortion, and acquiring STD or the Sexually Transmitted Diseases through sexual contact (AEGIS, 2005). These consequences entail lots of underlying problems.  It is like a domino effect that often leads to guilt.

According to Tumangday (2005), parents should be the primary source of their children’s knowledge and value about sex.  Parents possess a great deal of knowledge about sexuality, but don’t know how to answer every question about what their kids might ask. There is also a quotation that says “if you don’t teach your children about sex, who will?”  It is said that family is also the foundation of one’s personality and perception.  Today family influences come too weak and thus peers’ influences along with the media dominate most of the youth.  Premarital sex (PMS) is indeed very rampant nowadays.   Students tend to engage themselves in high-risk sexual behaviours.   Irrational behaviours like this often result to guilt.

Premarital sexuality is any sexual activity with an opposite sex partner or with a same sex partner before he/she has started a married life.  The term is usually used to refer the intercourse before the legal age of a marriage.  Adults who presumably marry eventually also fall under this definition (Regnerus and Uecker, 2011).   Modern societies don’t appreciate premarital lovemaking for various reasons.  Lovemaking is no more considered an outflow of the natural sexual instincts among human beings.  We see it as a necessary obligation to share the romance between married couples and also as a medium to fulfil the social responsibility of giving birth to the next generation.  Sexuality is not an instrument of enjoying lustful pleasure for human beings, at least.   In premarital sex, many a times, immature human beings explore the sexuality, just out of curiosity, and might be are unaware of the consequences.  Society has forbid premarital sex from the very outlook that adolescence is the time to form oneself as mature and responsible human being and not at all a time to procreate (Burbank, 2007).

Sex in itself, is not wrong at any age; but premarital sex may harm the mental development of adults in several forms.  Premarital sexual experiences, many a times, leads to the misconception that sex is to be enjoyed at whatever ways possible.  Forced premarital lovemaking will lead to mental depression and dilemma.  Another danger is possible exchange of diseases; as premarital partners may not be aware of diseases that spread through intercourses. Getting pregnant through premarital sex is another disaster. Emotional imbalances and guilt feeling could be the result of most premarital sexual affairs (Carl, 2013).  Premarital sex is not approved by any modern society, yet stories of adolescent fathers and mother come out largely, especially from the highly civilised European nations.  Modern lifestyle has open multiple opportunities for boys and girls to interact closely and deeply in public and private.   They have ample changes to experiment the sexuality which they witness through internet and television (WHO, 2005).

Sexuality is defined as the sum of the physical, functional, and psychologic attributes that are expressed by one’s gender identity and sexual behaviour, whether or not related to the sex organs or to procreation (Anderson and Anderson, 2002).  Therefore, sexuality entails how an individual act, feel and think regarding one’s self when it comes to understanding gender role.  Premarital sex is synonymous to the word fornication, the sexual intercourse between two people who are not married to each other (Anderson and Anderson, 2002).  For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected, and fulfilled.  According to Clark (2006), peer group is an important factor in young adult development and has some bearing on teenagers’ decision about sex.  Young adult is a period of exploration and experimentation, but young people often lack the knowledge, experience, and maturity to avoid the grave risks that confront them.  Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin discovered many more motives for sexual intercourse; the researchers identified four major categories: physical, emotional, social and psychological motives (Kienlen, 2007).

 

1.2     Statement of the Problem

There had been much discussion in the press about the gradual erosion of moral values among youth.  Much concern had been raised over the rising number of youths who hold permissive values towards premarital sex, and the increasing proportion of youths who engage in sexual activities, or sex-related activities, such as visiting pornographic websites, that might potentially result in actual sexual activities.

Premarital sex is not approved by any modern society, yet, stories of young adult fathers and mothers come out largely especially from the highly civilised Nations. Modern lifestyle has opened multiple opportunities for boys and girls to interact closely and deeply in public and private. They have ample chances to experiment the sexuality which they witness through internet and television.

Parents should be the primary source of their children’s knowledge and values about sex.  Parents possess a great deal of knowledge about sexuality, but don’t know how to answer every question about what their kids might ask.  There is also a quotation that says “if you don’t teach your child about sex, who will?”  It is said that family is also the foundation of one’s personality and perception.  Today’s family influence comes too weak and thus peers’ influences along with media dominate most of the youth.  Premarital sex is indeed very rampant nowadays.  Students tend to engage themselves in high-risk sexual behaviours (Tumangday, 2005).

Sex in itself, is not wrong at any age; but premarital sex may harm the mental

 

 

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