THE IMPACT OF PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL ON OPERATIONAL COST OF THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

(A Case Study of Nigeria Bottling Company Plc, Kaduna)

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ABSTRACT

This research work was designed to examine at the impact of production planning and control in manufacturing company as a primary function of production management. Consequently, it integrates the planning and control activities with other managerial activities. The project views the production planning and control in the context of the business operation and consistently relates this function of management to relevant activities in production marketing and finance departments. It urges that in most business operations to day lack of planning in unit, section, department or organisation as a whole leads to over production or under production and some time complete failure of the business organisation especially in the production planning and control department. Planning in the organisation hierarchy, size and product. The project stresses the immense value attached to production planning and control as well as its application of systematic planning techniques, on the of overall production operations management. The study is also brings to light the importance of production planning and control and the role of forecasting in production management

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 1
1.1 Background Setting of the Study – – – – 3
1.2 Statement of the Problems – – – – – 5
1.3 Objectives of the Study – – – – – – 6
1.4 Hypothesis – – – – – – – – 7
1.5 Scope of the study – – – — – – – 8
1.6 Significance of the study – – – – – – 9
1.7 Definition of Key Terms – – – – – – 10

CHAPTER TWO Literature Review
2.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 12
2.1 The Meaning of Production – – – – – 12
2.2 Production Planning – – – – – – 14
2.3 Production Design – – – – – – – 15
2.4 Short-Term Production Planning – – – – 20
2.5 Production Control – – – – – – – 21
2.6 Planning and Control – – – – – – 23
2.7 Relationship Between Planning and Control – – 28
2.8 Continuous Versus Intermittent Systems – – – 29
2.9 Production Design and Process Planning – – 30
2.10 Basic Alternative and Process Selection – – – 32
CHAPTER THREE: Research Methodology
3.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 36
3.1 Research Methodology – – – – – – 37
3.2 Area of Study – – – – – – – – 38
3.3 Research Population – – – – – – – 39
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques – – – – 39
3.5 Instrument of Data Collection – – – – – 40
3.6 Validation of the Instruments – – – – – 42
3.7 Method of Data Collection – – – – – – 43
3.8 Data Analysis – – – – – – – – 44

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Presentation and Analysis of Data – – – – – 46
4.1 Testing Hypothesis – – – – – – – 62

CHAPTER FIVE:
5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations – – 65
5.1 Summary of Findings- – – – – – – 65
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 66
5.3 Recommendation s – – – – – – – 67
Bibliography – – – – – – – – 69
Appendix – – – – – – – – – 70

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Production planning and control are term that though commonly used have witness a lot of changes both in meaning and scope in the past few years. For example based on the extended view of production to include the provision of all sort of service production both as a discipline of study and as a profession can now be practiced in all king of organization.

 

As in other fields of management planning and control from the primary function of production management. It is for this reason that the research has decided to take a critical look at production planning and control as practiced in beverage industrial sector of the Nigeria economy.

 

This is informed by the variety of major product and beverage produced in the industry as exemplified by the Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC) Kaduna. Production can be regarded as the centre focus of any manufacturing concern. It is the stage where the real action takes place that is the transformation of raw materials (inputs) into finished products (outputs). The planning and control operations are necessary because in every manufacturing unit there are people, machine and material. There is the need to plan all expensive resources required for production in order to make effective use of them and maximize profit making for the organizations

 

Modern production is complex hence both technologically related operation and administrative activities must therefore be planned carefully to make account of all the possible restriction constraints and advantages. In planning to meet orders at less cost is the objects of production planning.

Production planning involves not only types of operation to be used but the order of these operation as well as a time of duration the operation should take and how the plan should be laid out.

This maiden chapter consider the background setting of the study. It defines the problem and objectives of the study. The hypothesis are formulated and the scope and limitation of the study defined. The chapter end with the significance of the study stated and key term defined.

 

 

1.1 BACKGROUND SETTING OF THE STUDY
Coca-cola is the world leading manufacturer of soft drinks sold in more than 145 countries. A total of 250 million bottles are consumed every day in all parts of the globe from Canada in the north to Argentina and new zeal end in the South from Alaska to china from Mexico to Nigeria. Coca-cola first came to Nigeria in 1953 when Nigeria Bottling Company set up the first plant in Lagos A.J. Leventist brought Coca-cola to Nigeria and he is the owner of Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC).

 

The first plant was built in Apapa, Lagos while Coco-cola Company was established in Kaduna in the year 1976 when bottling commenced. It was to the beginning of an exciting story of growth and development particularly during the last 10 years of the 20th century.
Nigerian Bottling of soft drink selling more than 6 million bottles per day this figure which is still growing with the continuing expansion of the existing 12 plants and the opening of brand new plant in various parts of the federation. Fanta by far the number one best seller in the orange segment and sprite is the most widely sold lemon lime drink in Nigeria other products bottled by NBC include Fanta ginger Ale, Fanta tonic, Fanta soda club soda and crest bitter lemon.

 

The success of Coca-cola has brought with it the development of a number of sister industries all contributing to the growth of the Nigerian economy the Delta Glass Company Ughelli which supplies million required to keep a large bottling company in operation and the crown product factory in ijebu-ode and Kano which manufacture the metal crown to seal the bottle.

 

The Benin plastic company which make the plastic crates for carrying the bottles in addition, the trucks which are familiar in many parts of the country delivering soft-drinks to more than sixty thousand dealers are sold assembled in Nigeria. Nigerian Bottling Company is also the largest manufacturer of Co2 in the country used for car…

 

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AFRICAN STANDBY FORCE: PROSPECTS FOR REGIONAL SECURITY 

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ABSTRACT

1. This research was carried out to analyse the concept of the African Standby Force (ASF) and its prospects for regional security on the African continent. Series of conflicts in Africa and their attendant problems have killed millions, destroyed property and hindered Africa’s growth. If African countries are to achieve any meaningful development, they must be relatively crises free. However, responsibility for security in Africa is devolving to African states and sub-regional organizations.

2. Several conflicts on the continent have shown that the UN and the developed countries are slow to react to conflicts in Africa, especially where their national interests are not affected. Thus Africa can no longer fold its arms and watch from the sidelines while conflicts continue to ravage the continent. Moreover, Africa is the major loser from such conflicts. The need to find an African solution to African problems thus gave birth to the ASF.

3. The ASF is a system whereby troops are kept ready for rapid deployment to conflict areas. The establishment of the ASF reaffirmed the determination and commitment of African leaders to handle African problems themselves. The very existence of the ASF and the knowledge that it would be effectively used would serve as deterrence to would-be trouble makers across the continent. Furthermore, the ASF would greatly reduce the response time for international intervention in conflict situations. This is necessary to ‘nip conflicts in the bud’ and prevent further bloodshed and suffering.

4. The descriptive research method was used for the study. The study examines the security challenges confronting the AU and how the ASF can help combat these challenges. The study also examines the progress so far made in establishing the ASF and strategies to fully operationalise the ASF.

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0   INTRODUCTION

 

1.1   BACKGROUND

Security can be construed in terms of the ability of individual citizens to live in peace with access to basic necessities of life, at the same time participating fully in societal affairs in freedom and enjoying all fundamental human rights (The Kampala Document: Towards a Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa). Security is indisputably a first order value for all mankind. McNamara offered a broad definition of security when he stated that ‘security means development’           (McNamara, 1968:149). Security can therefore be conceptualised as a precursor to development and although not entirely dependent on military activity, it is tightly intertwined with it and cannot exist without it. According to Imobighe, ‘the amount of security a nation enjoys is a reflection of its defence system’ (Imobigbe, 2003:170). Similarly, Lippmann posits that ‘a nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate national interests to avoid war and is able, if challenged to, to maintain them by war’ (Baylis, 2001:255). This implies that military security is important and indeed forms the bedrock on which all other forms of security rest.

Africa’s security problems can be traced to the era of slave cartelization when European slave merchants freely terrorized the continent. This was closely followed by colonization wherein the indigenous defence systems were removed to emplace imperialism. Since then, Africa has become an exporter of raw materials and cheap labour and an importer of finished goods. This exploitation continued until the outbreak of World War II (WWII) in 1939. The end of WWII in 1945 saw the emergence of two superpowers, the United States of America (USA) and the United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). The subsequent Cold War which ensued between these superpowers lasted                         from 1945-1990. Within this period, the superpowers fought by proxy, with many African countries as pawns in their power struggle. Dictatorships, overtly or covertly supported by one or the other superpower, usurped power through coups d’etat and maintained repressive regimes. This inevitably led to counter coups, usually supported by the opposing superpower.

The resultant vicious circle of dictatorships, sit-tight rulers, coups and counter coups, coupled with illiteracy, absence of…

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THE ROLE OF EFFECTIVE ADMINISTRATION IN THE RAPID SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF NIGERIA
(A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT METROPOLIS)

 

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ABSTRACT

The study is to the assessment of the role of government financial institutions in the development of agriculture in Nigeria. The practice of government financial institutions in Nigeria is culturally rooted and dates back many years to the poor performances of the agricultural sector in the country’s economic developments which can be attributed to the traditional way of farming on the part of the small scale farmers.

The objectives of study are to assess the impacts of government financial institutions on small scale agricultural development in Nigeria and to evaluate the past agricultural policies and their effect on the development of the Nigerian economy.

The researcher uses primary and secondary source to gather the data for the study. The researcher also administered questionnaires to seek the opinion of individual respondents. The finding of the study reveals that the granting of loans by other government financial institutions to small scale agriculture is adequate.

It was concluded that technical assistance provided by BOA to small scale industries is adequate to sustain their survival and that Bank of Agriculture has significant impact on agricultural development. It was recommended that there should be legislation/law to protect small-scale industries from foreign intervention. This legislation could take the form of protecting infant industries from undue competition from large firms or by giving tax relief or exemption to small firms during the period of gestation to allow them find their ground in the market place.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study – – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of Problem – – – – – – – – 3
1.3 Objectives of the Study – – – – – – – 4
1.4 Statement of Hypothesis – – – – – – – 4
1.5 Significance of the Study – – – – – – – 5
1.6 Scope and limitations of the Study – – – – – – 6

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition and Meaning of Public Administration – – – 8
2.2 Theories of Development – – – – – – – 17
2.3 Theoretical Framework – – – – – – – 33
2.4 Conceptual Domain of Development – – – – – 36
2.5 Development Planning in Nigeria – – – – – 40
2.6 Needs-Vision, Objectives and Strategies – – – – 59
2.7 Kaduna Seeds-Kadseeds – – – – – – – 65

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 68
3.1 Description of Research Method – – – – – 68
3.2 Description of Population – – – – – – 68
3.3 Description of Sample Procedures – – – – – 68
3.4 Description of Instrument Used – – – – – – 69
3.5 Description of Data Gathering Procedure – – – – 69
3.6 Description of data Analytical Procedure – – – – 70
3.7 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 70

CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 71
4.2 Data Analysis – – – – – – – – 71
4.3 Test of Hypothesis – – – – – – – – 80
4.4 Major Findings – – – – – – – – 83

CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – – 84
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 85
5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – – – 87
Bibliography – – – – – – – – 89
Appendix – – – – – – – – – 91

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Administration in the general sense is usually described in terms of a cooperative human effort directed towards the achievements of agreed objectives. It is thus a social activity which can occur in a wide variety of institutional frame work.
Administration in a political setting and, as distinct from other forms of administration, is concerned with the formulation and implementation of Government policies at the grassroots level, a branch of Public Administration.

Herbert et al (1900) observed that when two men cooperate to roll a stone that neither could have moved, the rudiments of administration are taking place. He went further to explain that this simple act has the two basic characteristics of what has come to be called administration. There is a purpose-moving the stone, and there is cooperative action-several persons using combined strength to accomplish something that could not have been done without such a combination. On the basis of the foregoing, Herbert et al defined administration as activities of groups cooperating to accomplish common goals. What to note about Simon et al’s definition is the emphasis on cooperation and purpose. For them, therefore, it is necessary to have groups cooperating and such cooperation must have a purpose.

Stephen (1985) defined administration “as the universal process of efficiently getting activities completed with and through other people”. The process, according to him refers to the planning, organizing, leading and controlling that take place to accomplish objectives.

There are features common to varying kinds of administrative organisation and much administrative theory is relevant to all organisation, be it government or private.

The Kaduna State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (KASEEDS) as a set of activities which are carried out by the officers, and which can be classified as/or concerned with planning and development of the area. The SEEDS is to help state governments to draw up and implement realistic plans to make NEEDS and each individual state’s SEEDS come true.

When SEEDS was launched, the National Planning Commission (NPC) issued a guidance manual entitled: The SEEDS Framework – “Government for Growth and Service”. This expanded version of that manual does not change the original guidance. It certainly does not mean that states which have completed their SEEDS documents need to revise them. Instead, the focus is on the SEEDS as a process: on how to take a strategy that has already been drafted through to action.

It is against this background that the researcher intends to assess the effective administration in the rapid socio-economic transmission of Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
An analysis of government development administration in Nigeria reveals unpolished and erratic practices. Very few government institutions in Nigeria have fully fledged Development Administration departments and even those few concentrate much of their efforts on politicking rather than professional Administration (Career Administrators). Their Administrative policies do not take cognizance of such factors as public wants, opinions and objectives. Project planning and Development are usually undertaken without prior research, project implementation strategies are mostly handled by low level executives coupled with low budget, summarily…

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THE MARKETING/DISTRIBUTION OF STIFLE FOOD IN ENUGU

A CASE STUDY OF OGBETE MAIN MARKET

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This project was on the marketing and distribution of stifle food in  Enugu metropolis was solely collected from consumers distributors book and various related literature. There were some interesting observations from the research study lacks of information within the market led to poor distribution and marketing of yam product the respondents agreed absolutely with this.

Also yam producers sell their produce mostly to the wholesalers and retailers at time they sell to the ultimate consumer but the other hand buy mostly from the retailers.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.1  General background of the subject matter.

1.2  Problems Assorted with the subject matter.

1.3  Problems the study will be concerned with.

1.4 The importance of studying the area.

1.5 Definition of important terms

1.6 References.

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.6 Literature Review

2.1 The origin of the subject area.

2.2 School of thought within the project area

2.3 School of thought relevant to the problems.

2.4 Deferent method of studying the problem

2.5 Summary

2.6 References

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Conclusion

3.1 Data presentation

3.2 Analysis of Data

3.3 Recommendation

3.4 Conclusion

3.5References

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Today the mentioning of the word marketing has a lost of things and meaning to send to a layman. The word marketing has to be understood and interpreted by any layman as meaning the same thing as trading. It is in this view that we say that it starts before production and ends after consumption. We also talked about societal marketing concept, which puts the entire society into consideration when emphasizes on selling.

In an attempt to define the marketing it is good to look at some definition given some authorities and professionals in the tied .It should also noted that these is the general accepted definition of marketing rather each person tries to look at marketing to the function performed by him.

Therefore we would not make mistake by saying that there are as many marketers.

According to Philip Kotler (1980) marketing is the human activity through exchange process. This definition has some key words as the operative words such as need wants and exchange need. This is defining as a state of felt. Deprivation in person.

Wants-Are The expression of human as they are shaped by a person culture and individual development. And wants must be meaningful to marketer.

Exchange- is obtaining a desire objective from some one offering in return to some thing of value.

Nwokoye (1981) define marketing as  the set of activates tat facilitate exchange transaction involving economic goods and service for the ultimate purpose of satisfying human needs. The activities here include product development production adding transportation storage promotion distribution and pricing etc.

Ifezue (1990) define marking as a process which identifies anticipates and satisfies consumers need an wants through conception promotion mutual  exchange and physical distribution  of comic good services yet institute  of marketing London (1943) defined marketing as a management process which identifies anticipate and supplies consumers requirement efficiently and profitable form the above definitions one can look at the application of marketing knowledge to the marketing of yam…

 

 

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THE IMPACT OF PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL ON PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY

 

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CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study      –         –         –         –         –         –         1

• Statement of Problem –         –         –         –         –         –         3
• Objectives of the Study –         –         –         –         –         –         4
• Statement of Hypothesis –         –         –         –         –         –         5
• Significance of the study –         –         –         –         –         –         5
• Scope of the study –         –         –         —       –         –         –         6
• Limitation of the Study –         –         –         –         –         –         6
• Historical Background of the Case Study –         –         –         7
• Definition of Key Terms –         –         –         –         –         –         9

 

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

• Concept of Production – –         –         –         –         –         –         12
• Production Planning –         –         –         –         –                   –         14
• Production Control –         –         –         –         –         –         –         19
• Planning and Control – –         –         –         –         –         –         21
• Relationship between Production Planning and Control 27

2.6     Production Design and Process Planning        –         –         –         30

2.7     Basic Alternative/Process Selection       –         –         –         –         31

 

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Design          –         –         –         –         –         –         –         33

3.2     Research Population –           –         –         –         –         –         –         34

3.3     Sample and Sampling Techniques          –         –         –         –         34

3.4     Methods of Gathering Data –         –         –         –         –         –         35

3.5     Justification of Method Used         –         –         –         –         –         36

3.6     Method of Data Analysis      –         –         –         –         –         –         37

3.7     Justification of Instrument Used  –         –         –         –         –         38

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Production Planning and Control are terms that though commonly used have witnessed a lot of changes both in meaning and scope in the past four years, for example, based on the extended view of production to include the tradition of all of production services both as discipline of study and as a profession can now be practiced in all organizations. As in other field of management, planning and control forms the primary function of the production management. It is for this reason that this research has decided to take a critical look into production planning and control as practical in beverage industrial sector of the Nigerian economy. This is informed by the variety of major product and beverage products in industry as exemplified by Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC), Kaduna.

Buffa (2002) defined production as the process by which goods and services are created. Production can be regarded as the central focus of any manufacturing concern. It is that stage where the real action takes place i.e. the transformation of raw materials (input) into finished product (output).

The Planning and Control operation are necessary because in every manufacturing unit there are people, machine and materials for production. There is the need to plan all expensive resources required for production in order to make effective use of them and maximize profit for the organization.

Modern production is complex hence both technologically related operation and administrative activities must therefore be planned carefully to make account of all the possible restructure, constraint and advantages. For planning to meet order at less cost, there must be production planning.

According to Mayer (2002), there is a logic behind the operation of the production process, it starts from the types of technology as well as the type of production in the particular manufacturing process.

Wild (2002) defined production as a managerial function that tends to design, plan what to produce, when to produce, where to produce and for whom to produce, the quantity, the quality to produce and for whom to produce. These function attempts to define the key decision model involved in production i.e. the long-term and the short term planning as well as identify the procedure and control in a cost effective way.

Apple (2002) defines production as the activity of transforming raw materials or components into finished product. However, the definition is clear that production essentially entails the transformation of raw materials into finished goods and services.

Production planning involve not only the types of operations to be used but the order of these operations as well as a time or duration the operation would take and how the plan should be laid out.

 

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Most organization production processes are slow and the time given to complete a given task is always exceeded. This study intends to investigate and know the reasons behind slow productivity among the employees.

And most time, the use of quantitative techniques in assigning a job in an organization is not properly maintained, there is shortage of materials due to lack of good stock control. The scope and concept of production management is not fully known by some managers. The problem and solution of production planning and control will be discussed in this research work.

Lastly, the study intends to know the problems associated with the activities of planning and control in relation to…

 

 

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