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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENT ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE USE OF HANDOUT ( A CASE STUDY OF INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY ENUGU)

March 1, 2019 projecteasy Leave a comment

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENT ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE USE OF HANDOUT ( A CASE STUDY OF INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY ENUGU)

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ABSTRACT

Due to the falling standard of education especially in our tertiary institution of learning the study was based on analysis on handout and generally student’s attitude towards them.

In view of this, primary data was used in the study to obtain data from the student by the use of questionnaires. The following methods of analysis are employed, chi-square lest, population proportion and percentage and analysis of variance (ANOVA)

The justification of this research less in the fact that handout should not be an alternative to lecture note, it should be a mean to the end and not the end itself. Also handout has a significant effect on the academic performance of student in the real sense, but the price of handout should not be made too exboitant by the lectures.

Based on these, it would be our belief that this research work will help in the control of the falling standard of education in Nigeria. as a whole.

THREE

Research Methodology

Data collection
Sampling frame
Sampling technique
Pilot survey
Determination of sample size for pilot survey

CHAPTER FUR

The General Format Chi-Square Test Using contingency table

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary Of The Finding Conclusion And Recommendations

Findings
Conclusion
Recommendation

References

Appendix

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

Safety on our road has become an important task in Enugu State because of higher density of traffic and high level of mortality on our roads. The road safety commission in Enugu state in charge with the responsibility for traffic control, regulation and prevention of road accident in the state and its conventional law enforcement tasks.

To examine the vote motorist violates road rule in Enugu State.
To examine the role of road safety commission in the management of road traffic and enforcement of driving codes.

METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA

This research is purely based on secondary data indicating the note and magnitude of road offenders recorded in Enugu State within a specified period.

Specified period
Offensive codes reports
Library research
Multiple bar chart

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The recent prescription order on the sale of handouts in an institution of higher learning of the government was greeted with mixed feeling. How was design to strengthen the willing performance of students and the falling standard of education in our country. However the direct benefactors (students) in this issue were indifferent to the decision of those that are in authority.

Consequently this research work is being designed to reveal among other thing.

To determine of handout have any significant effect on students performance.
To determine f student’s attitude to handout is independent of school and students perception of lecture note.
To determine the average amount is significantly different from school to school.
To determine student general reaction to the price f handout.
To find out the view of lecturer towards the sale and are of handouts in institution of higher learning.

METHOD OF COLLECTION DATA

Data were collected primarily from the original source through the use of questionnaires administered to sample from each school in the institution.
Sampling frame and Sampling technique

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
To determine whether the awareness depend on sex
To determine whether the level awareness is the same in all level of study
To determine the percentage proportion of students awareness about the existence of Aids
To suggest possible recommendation how to increase the level of awareness amongst student.

METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA

The data used in this project work is both primary and secondary data

(i) Method of sampling

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The historical development of education in Nigeria shows much difference between the present mode and policies of education than the 1950’s and 1960’s.

These were few primary and secondary schools than as well as few institutions of higher learning’s. These were also few students than and this was the colonial administration eva in Nigerian. Lectures were very effective because of appropriate control in the few universities and polytechnics /teachers training colleges.

In addition, the textbooks were mainly foreign most of them were from the United Kingdom. They were cheap and easy to procuse. Most of the textbooks were ordered for and received on schedule for a particular subject.

Students were taught to be good ambassador of their various villages and taken, so as to be good representative of their areas of origins.

Qualitative education was being giving then, student craved for knowledge and not studying only to pass examinations in schools. Reading was under conducive environments.

The present stage can be termed as the quantitative type of education. Where there are quantitative backgrounds necessitated building in numberable primary schools, post primary schools as institution of higher learning both in towns and villages. Worse still is the creation of more states, which has increased the numbers of universities and polytechnics.

Numbers of student admitted into each department yearly are now too many for lecture to control and supervise. The classroom became inadequate to accommodated students who intend to receive lectures yet mega-phones were not used to magnify anchor for the benefit of innumerable students who struggle to listen to the lectures in the classroom.

In the process many students return from lecture center with many complain of not benefiting from lecture delivered. The final consequence is poor result in quizzes and examination which may not be the fault of the students.

As a result of this complains some of the wise lecture thought it necessary to put their lectures in printing form and distribute to student to read at home for proper understanding of the subject under study. They do this, by extracting facts from relevant works of exports.

This is the advert of handout into the educational system of Nigeria. This has become so popular for the institutional procedures and almost inevitable handout according to oxford English Dictionary is a prepared statement given eg leaflet, statements by politicians to news men etc. Given free of changes as a gift of food, money and other items. This means, that handout is supposed to be free gift from the lecturers to the students as aid to effective learning. Developing counties have experienced the benefit of distant education offered by the overseas universities to students by the use of handouts issued by raid examine and Nigeria exams success Yaba Lagos to students offering G.C.E in time past.

Handouts are quite handy and easy to glance through by the students. Easy assimilation and easily retentive. They are cheap to precuve and save the students from stressful search for textbooks, which are highly costly to but, especially at this current economic recession in Nigeria.

But in this present days, the basic aim of handout introduction into institution of higher learning is being abused. Handouts have become sources of wealth to many lectures, who had made it compulsory for students to buy at high prices without which the students want to fail, they resort to demanding higher expenses from their parents and guardian in order to meet up. Where parents cannot meet up demands, students are now forced to involve in social problems.

On the other hand, since buying of the handouts by students is criteria of passing the quizzes and examinations, students refuses to make research from textbooks and concentrate on handouts. This lead to poor quality turns out of graduates from universities and polytechnics.

In other words, instead of the student to exploit the benefits that is offered by handouts, some complain about being exploited by lectures through the issues handout to them.

The main issued now is to find out the actual attitude of students towards the use of handouts in institution of higher learning in Nigeria. This is the main theme of this work

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The main aim of education is to acquire knowledge in institution of all dimensions. The effectiveness of the acquisition of knowledge institution is been measured by the level of passes in quizzes and examination. Qualitative and effective lecturer which is well understood by students makes the success in quizzes and examination easy. And study aids in which handouts feature prominently are essential to elevate the student’s success through quizzes and examinations. Introduction of handout has a very good intentions on students, but the high cost of the handouts is making students to have mixed feeling parents and guardians of student complain abut the exploitation of students by lecturers through handouts. On the other hand, lecturers have to cover the cost of material used in the production of the handouts. Our major issue now in this study is to know the cost-benefit analysis so as know the attitude of students towards the use of handout either justifiable or not justifiable.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The recent prescription order on the sales of handouts in institution of higher learning by the government was greeted with mixed feelings. How it was design to strengthen the dwinding performance of students and falling standard f education in our country. However the direct benefactor (students) in this issue was indifferent to the decision of those that are in authority.

Consequently this research work is been designed to reveal among others things

To determine if handouts have any significant effect on students performances.
To determine if student’s attitudes to handout is independent of school and students perception of lecture note.
To determine the average amount spent on handouts by students and to is significantly different from school to school
To determine student general reaction to the prices of handouts.
To find out the views of lecturers towards the sales and are of handouts in institution of higher learning.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study would be of a great help to the students, lectures and even the general public. It would serve as a guide to institutions of higher learning, for effective dynamic and smooth running of schools. However the research work is meant to:

Fusnesh the best guide to the sale and use of handout.
To justify the nation of sales of handout in schools.
This survey is set out to meet these needs with a view to make a useful findings, conclusion and recommendations to students, school authorities researcher and government in particular as a guide to a god sound educational policy in Nigeria.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This project was seriously constrained by a number of factors, the most pronounced of which were time and money.

TIME: Time was by far the most important hindrance to this work. Since we were tied down with serious studies for our examinations, this research was not given the most appropriate or enough treatment possible. So far this, the assertion that time is money, seems to have us in contemplation. We had to work seriously round the clock to make this work possible.

MONEY: We strongly believe that money makes things go easier. Limited funds at that particular time also posed some threats to the realisation and completion of this work.

Going to libraries for days, meeting and pleading with students to fill the questionnaires in time since they felt it was very close to examination period, it couldn’t take out time from their light schedule to do such.

The typesetting and binding the finding into booklet all demanded a lot in monetary terms.

ASSUMPTION

We assume accurate and reliable data and figure and at the end of this study. We would be able to know the merit and demerit of the use of handout in our great institution f higher learning (I.M.T) and it using attitude from school to the others.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

SAMPLING: This is the act of selecting some unit from a population for purpose of study.

Chi-square test: It is a use of contingency table in a classification of frequency data on the basis of two or more quantitative characteristics or attributes

Analysis of variance (ANOVA): A method used for partitioning the total variation of a set of observation into component due to specified factors.

Degree of dependent: This is the use of coefficient of contingency to measure the degree of association between two characteristics which are show to be independent.

Frame: The frame is a comprehensive listing of the entire unit in a population each unit having a unique identification number vangying saying from 1 to N

A contingency table: is a classification of all “n” items in a sample on the basis of the level of two cosmord attribute found on each item for instance student may be classified according to level of academic performance.

Observed frequency: In a particular sample a set of possible events E₁, E₂, E_{3, ………}E₄ are observed to occur with frequencies O₁, O_2,O₃…….. Ok is called observed frequencies

Expected frequency: according to probability virile when the expected value occur with frequencies e_1, e_2, e₃…..ek are called expected frequency

Pilot survey: A pilot survey otherwise know as pretest is a small-scale trial survey conducted before the actual main survey.

Sample size: Is the sampling distribution of many statistics which are approximately normal the approximation becoming better with increasing N, 1.e N >30 and also when sampling distribution of small statistics has become approximately normal, the approximation become worse with decreasing N. 1. e N>30

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

One might ask how handout got itself involved in the learning and academic pursuit of student in various tertiary institution of learning. Well, if not for a critical examination of the falling standard of education in Nigeria (student not living up-to expectation after graduating from higher institution of learning) so as to create confidence and reliability again in our educational system.

Handouts defined by oxford English Dictionary is a prepared statement giving by politician to news paper men, leaflet etc distributed free. So in this verification, handouts are supposed to be free gift from lecturer to student as to aid better leaving and understanding.

James Hastily expression that “it is a common practices in universities” teaching for lecturers to provide lecture handout to accompany their verbal exposition these handout varies in function and design-some such teaching aids are common there is as far as we can discover, little on their we and their effects and virtually no research no their design. He also stated that the little research that has been done show

That student gets higher test score from lecturers accompanied by handout than from lecturers without them.
The student appreciate handout
That the design of the handout markedly affect students note taking practices.

Offorbuike Samuel Arinze in his project work (1990) stated that handout is a type- written material prepared by the lectures of I.M.T covering part of (or all) the course content for a particular class for the semester which the lecturer normally use for lecturing. The student in place of the lecture note. In his survey, he also discovered that about 4.43% of the variation in the proportion of student’s preference for type of student material (Handout, lecture notes textbook) may be attributed to difference in ages of students and that 42% of age group 15.19 year prefer handout as against 15% of the age group 30 years and above who manifest similar choice.

In this study also sex was found to have a zero effect or student preference to study material.

Eleyimi, Olufunke B. in her project work (December 1996) state that handout are section or summarized. Writing sold to student by their lecturers to ensure speedy coverage of the syllabus. In her work, she found out that there are significant differences:

In the average amount spent on handouts by students in the different schools.
Lecturers view varied greatly towards the use of handouts.
The ratio of student that have opinion that price of handout is high (0.66) to the overall population compared to those who paid that the price are moderate and low (0.28, and 0.06) respectively.

David Newsle and Robert Cannon in their book, pointed out the abuse of handouts can serve as number of useful purpose in your teaching, but this medium is frequently misused because the material is often simply distributed to student and then quickly forgotten that little though u given to the design and use of handout.

Romiszowki A. J in his view pointed on private median and their abuse he said printed material have been and continue to be, the single most common category of teaching material. So printed materials with continue to be used and abused in instruction.

He felt it was abused by the ease with which they are being obtained reproduced and calculated leads to their often excessive or in appropriate use in the instructional process.

This literatures review was not only based on books and past project as:

The federal Radio Co-operation Enugu in her commentary on February 10^th, 2005. Said a lot of thing in affirmative in this commentary, it was stated that the “Sales of Handout” to student gained prominence. when it became increasingly difficult to produce the relevant textbooks for the various discipline”. The textbook were either not available locally or were too expensive for student. Therefore there was justification, in the handing out of these copies of lecture which the students were to pay for.

It became evident that lecturer who said handout saw financial profits. They therefore decided to entered the sales of handout just for business intention and not really to help students in their studies. They make sure price that increases and students have to pay for them crying inwardly.

Most of the handouts are absolute in content apart from the high cost. This is because most of the handout was student and they make no move to update handouts.

Federal Radio Co-operation of Nigeria went further to point out that there is much to this issue of handout than all these said. They laid emphases on the fact that sales of handout encourage intellectual laciness both on the lectures and on the student too. Saying that in some cases, lecturers in most tertiary institutions, insist on student buying handout as a pre-condition to pass their course especially in quizzes sometimes the lectures even have register of student who have paid for their handout and their creates a great panic in the heart of the student.

Frankly speaking such an approach to teaching leads to the production of half-cooked graduate in our various institution of higher learning.

Since the federal ministry of education has new banned the sales of handout in tertiary institution in our country, there have been similes in the face of the students. The enters society is so concerned about the issue of handouts. Recently, the Enugu State Broadcast Station (ESBS) I’m Staves in new broadcast on commentary institution of February in tertiary 10, 2005 dwell on the topic “Handout” Scandal in tertiary institution.

It was noted first in the commentary that handout usually serve as supplement to textbook or as alternative to them.

The Enugu State ministry of information made a vigor’s research on handout scandal and the cause was traced t two reasons:

The lack of textbook
The irregularity in payment of lecture salaries and as a result of the as collecting cost living in the economy of the country.
THE LACK OF TEXTBOOK: It is the utmost desire of every district and thoughtfully student to have textbook on the course he/she is studying in institution of higher learning but it is quit unfortunate that student cannot be able to afford the cost of textbook in the market. So they have no alternative, rather than handout student no longer go for textbooks, instead they go for substitution major which is handout.
The irregularity in payment of lecture salaries and as a result of the escalating cost living in the economy of the country: Everyone knows that education has collapsed in Nigeria. That is no longer news. The schools are in shambles. The school system are updated. The state secretary of the Nigeria union of Teacher )NUT) Mr. Jamiu Idris told NAN recently that the protect had become inevitable following the shortfall of salary to the lecture and teachers, most lecturers are neglected and tracematized he can hardly pay his rent. He cannot afford basic medical care when he is sick in a country where minister go abroad to treat common affliction like malaria and that is what important. Some of them to starts selling handout to student

To meet up with these problem, the lecture are confronted with the challenges of continual survival, some compare themselves with fellows in other sectors of the economy, like the out companies workers who are millionaires the investigation carried out show that in most tertiary institution, lecture make sure that their handout are compulsory for student at exorbitant price.

It is quit obvious that the school management have tried to control the production and sales of handout in the school, a lot of communiqué have been issued out repeatedly to the institution of management and technology, Enugu.

In accordance to the above statement (ref:IMT/MM33/Vol. iv) dated new circular ref: IMT/RG/AB/22. at an emergency meeting of the academic bard held on 9^th August 2004/2005. The board deliberated and deplored the apparent disregard of it earlier decision on the sales of handouts in this institution.

The academic board later gave a serious warning discouraging the sale of handout in the institution (I.M.T) But in the process where the handout was essential to the student progress then it must be submitted lastly to the head of department for approval and then passed to the registrar for preparation costing and sales for the avoidance of doubt, any of such handout should have few pages.

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS ON HANDOUT AND TEXTBO0KS ETC BY THE BC FOR ADOPTION BY THE ACADEMIC BOARD

REF: IMT/AB/37/Vol iv/ dated 24 August 2004/2005. Which were on preparation and sales of handout and sales of handout respectively?

The business committee of the academic board in it meeting on 18^th and 24^th August, 2004/2005 considered the attached paper from the deputy rector and came out with some rules that will be beneficial to the institute. It was stated the price of handout should follow the below conditions

All handout must have be clear and readable
All handout must have to copies formally deposited with the director, who is turn leaves a copy with the deputy rector.
The submission must be handouts in use must be done every semester is is to say that any new handout being used in a semester must go through this process to ensure proper monitoring by the various directors and
Handouts are to sell at N2.5 per page not more than 70 pages.

During the orientation of new student. It was made known that handout does not determine student score that lectures were not allow to sell handout because it was being abused some year back.

Nowadays because of the fact that student have no seats and tables. While taking lecture notes and lecture rooms are usually congested, which make it difficult for student to learn when the lecturer is teaching? These coupled with many more reasons brought back the selling of handout to school. Nevertheless no lecture had is a must. The decision to buy or not to buy handout should be made by the student most importantly.

Below is the website of our various clients from various higher institutions of learning. These are universities, polytechnic and college of education website in Nigeria.

Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo,

Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri,

Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri, .

Federal College of Educ. Abeokuta, .

Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu, .

Federal College of Education, Kano, .

Federal College of Education, Katsina, .

Federal college of Education, Kontagora, .

Federal College of Education, Obudu, .

Federal College of Education, Okene, .

Federal College of Education, Pankshin, .

Federal College of Education, Yola, .