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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES RECORDED IN KUJE

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES RECORDED IN KUJE– ABUJA (FCT) FROM 1999 – 2007.

(A CASE STUDY OF KUJE POLICE DIVISIONAL

HEADQUARTERS, ABUJA)

 

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ABSTRACT

Statistics is playing an important role in virtually all aspect of human life. This role is used to analyze a project, which is aimed at analyzing the rate of crime in Kuje-Abuja. This analysis is meant for correction, up-dating, forecasting the future accordance events. The objectives of the project are the criminal offences in Kuje.

 

The project comprises of five chapters; chapter one, contains the introduction of the project and the historical background of Kuje Police Station also the aims and objectives of the project. Chapter two contains the literature review and the literature review is relevant to the project topic.

 

Also, in same chapter two, the statistical tools used will be discussed, with necessary information on categories of crimes, chapter three, focus on the methodology and data presentation that is method of data collection and also source of data and problem encountered during collection of data. Chapter four is based on analysis data collected achieving the aims set in 1.3 chapter under general aims and specific objectives and also applying the statistical tools relevant to the project topic. Chapter five, its including findings, conclusion and recommendation, bibliography of what have been discussing in the whole project.

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     Introduction

1.2     Historical Background

1.3     Scope and Coverage

1.4     General and specific objectives

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     Literature

2.2     Statistical Tools

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1     Methodology

3.2     Method of Data Collection

3.3     Problem Encountered

3.4     Data Presentation

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Analysis

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1     Conclusion

5.2     Recommendation

          References

 


 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     INTRODUCTION

The increasing desire of the government and civilization to improve the maintenance of law and order and to engage in crime prevention, has led to the search for data on all aspect of crime. This will enable the government to know whether crime is increasing or decreasing.

 

Crime in a normal sense is an act or offence which is punishable by law. Crime is a term used to describe any act that breaks a society. Some examples of crimes are robbery, kidnapping, raping, theft etc.

 

Therefore, anyone that violet the law should be arrested, tried and immediately sentenced to some time in prison if and only if found guilty. The prison is where criminals are supposed to be reformed and learn to obey the rules and regulation set down or order to govern the society properly.

 

Despite the efforts of security agencies to curb crime in our society, the rate of crime is increasing at alarming rate. This indeed has been the common practice in the society especially within the youths. Many measures had been taken to eradicate this abnormal behavior from our society, nevertheless, the condition still remain the same as this criminal cases occur day in day out in the society.

 

Prison is a place where people who are convicted by the law court are being kept to await trial. It is a house built by the government in order to detain anybody who goes against the law.

 

 

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME

Crime can be classified in many ways, but some of them are:

  1. Crime against people: This include rape, kidnapping, murder (homicide), robbery etc, such crimes usually carries severe punishment.
  2. Crime against property: Automobile, fraud, forgery, vandalism and robbery. In most cases these crimes may carry higher penalties than crime against people.
  3. Crime against public and morality order: This include disorderly conduct, gambling, prostitution, public drunkenness etc

 

These offences generally involve bigger penalties.

 

CAUSES OF CRIME

Crimes are caused by many factors. Criminologist in their studies enumerated the causes of crime as psychological, sociological and heredity etc. While to the prison officers, crime is regarded as a human reaction to his environment, for example, some crimes are caused by the following factor:

  1. Economy: This is a good cause of crime in our country, Nigeria. Without employment many had roam the town and in consequence the devil offers them employment in crimes especially property crimes.
  2. After-War-Effect: After the civil war, many youths who have been trained in the use of arms were left unemployed as a result of that crime and violence increase. The drift from the rural to urban areas and the corresponding unemployment brought about frustration and with the resultant poverty, destitution and lack of the barest necessity of life, the youths resort to crime and this appears to be gainful.
  3. Political Activities: Due to the political immaturity of the masses in the Nigeria scene, political campaigns and elections are regrettably atrocious. Crimes such as murder, looting, corruption and rioting amongst others were among the factors the encouraged criminal activities in our society.

 

In most cases, the law enforcement agencies are incapable of action especially when the rich or influential politicians are concerned or when the political party in power is concerned associated with this also are embezzlement of public funds through contracts, nepotism and corruption in distribution of public offices and privileges. These are notorious acts.

 

PREVENTION OF CRIME

  1. Retribution: This means severe punishment for any wrong conduct. No doubt this objectives governs the minds of the Nigeria courts and indeed the public. When one is being sentenced to prison, section 4(1) of prison Decree 1972 (decree 9) stated that “subject to this section, the effect of sentence of imprisonment is with hard labour passed upon a prison shall be that the prisoner shall be imprisoned for the period of the sentence and during his imprisonment shall work at such labour as may be directed by the superintendant”. This law therefore emphasized the puncture aspect.

 

  1. Deterrence: This can also be seen as consequence or punishment set aside by the government in order to serve as a lesson to determine both the prisoner and the public at large.

 

 

 

PRISON

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, a prison is “a building where people are kept as a punishment for a crime they have committed.

 

TYPES OF PRISON

  1. Convict Prison: This prison receives all cases of prisoners i.e. long and short sentence, condemned criminals and those of gazette etc.
  2. Divisional or provincial prison: It receives the cases of anybody sentenced under 12 years. The long term prisoners that may be found in this prison are those of special arrangement. E.g. building, carpentry, bricklayers after which they must be returned to the convict prison.
  3. Central prison: Central prison is a prison that governs all other prison activities in a given division and it is headed by the controller general of prison.
  4. Prison camp: Used to keep prisoner to learn skills such as carpentry, tailoring bricklaying, music etc

 

1.2     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF STUDY

 

 

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE IN THE TERTIARY INSTITUTION.

 

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CHAPTER ONE:         INTRODUCTION

1.1            Statement of problem

1.2            Examination malpractice

1.3            Aims and objectives

1.4            Statement of hypothesis

1.5            Scope of the study

1.6            Significance of the study

1.7            Limitation of the study

1.8            Terminology associated with exams malpractice

 

 

CHAPTER TWO        

2.0            Literature Review

 

CHAPTER THREE:    METHODOLOGY

3.1            The target population

3.2            Statistical sample design

3.3            Determination of sample size

3.4            Method of data collection

3.5            Problems encounter during data collection

3.6            Sex distribution of respondents

3.7            Age distribution of respondents

3.8            Distribution by sex and academic level

3.9            Method of data analysis

3.10       The chi-square (x2) test

3.11       Assumption on the use of x2 test

3.12       Formular distribution for spiegel (1992)

3.13       Calculation of expected frequency

3.14       The contingency co-efficient

3.15       Testing the significance of the continuance co-efficient

3.16       Student opinion on the causes of examination malpractice in institute of management technology

3.17       Contribution of the method of teaching in the school to students’ lact of interest

3.18       Student on the common form of examination malpractice in the institute of management

3.19       Distribution of student opinion on school that is most often involved in exam malpractice.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0            Presentation and analysis of statistical data

4.1            Using pie chart

4.2            Using multiple bar chart

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0            Summary of findings recommendation and conclusion

5.1            Summary of finding

5.2            Recommendation and conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix i

Appendix ii

Appendix iii

Appendix iv

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          That we are living in a changing world is a popular statement which needs little explanation especially when the knowledge of today can be the fully of tomorrow or when a human being of today can oil to exist on the day that follows when such natural phenomena occur, one does not bother as to ask why these happen out when they are accompanied by abnormal happenings on become worried and asks why which he seldom finds and such is examination malpractice.

Examination malpractices in our tertiary institution have become a social molady which have adversely affected the have and have notes, the hardworking and society in general such corrupt practices have succeeded in tarnishing the past government and management of such institution employed different strategies to move up the shameful situation from our tertiary institution, but unfortunately all their efforts were uneventful or uncertainly.

 

 

 1.2    BACKGROUND OF STUDY

          Some of the examination rules which one should not violate are.

(a)              Avoiding conversation while examination is in progress

(b)             Coming into the hall with you identity card

(c)              Submitting answer script after proper endured before going out of the hall

(d)             Refrain oneself from copying or writing for another obedience to the invigilator.

(e)              Not coming to the hall with expected answer written as pieces of paper.

 

 

As regards to these rules, one who violate them is likely to face the consequences for it by the committee.  The punishment depends on the magnitude of the offence. Some of the offence after being looked into by the committee one is asked to withdraw from the institution or stay back.  These culprit would not be caught without the proper vigilance of the invigilator or supervisor.  Therefore, having seen from above I can now say malpractice is legal action taken by a person in a position of trust.  This means when applied to examination situation that any contrary action performed by someone against certain examination regulation can be termed examination malpractice.

Statistics has shown the examination malpractice became a very common they in early eighteen and as a result, the instant had to set up a coming that will have to be looking into these malpractice cases.  This committee was inaugurated in 1982/83 and was called “Examination Malpractice Committee”.

This committee spells out the appropriate punishment for any culprits involve.

 

 

According to the institution (IMT) academe and examination regulations prepared in June 1992, some of the regulation which candidates are required to comply with are.

  1. All students shall arrive at the designated examination hall thirty minutes before the scheduled time.
  2. No student shall enter the hall unless they are asked to do so by the co-ordinator
  3. A student must enter examination hall with current original school fees receipt current identity card, pencil etc
  4. Calculator if required but not a programmable type
  5. Ruler and any other material table etc that may be permitted by the chief invigilator.
  6. If a candidate report to the examination without his/her I.D card, he/she should report to the chief – co-ordinators with a recent passport photograph endorsed by the it on

 

If it is discovered that the person who wrote the examination is not the owner of the identity card, it became a case of impersonation.

  1. No candidate shall have other material in his/her possession, even a private letter, while he/she is inside the examination hall.
  2. No caps, head ties and sun-glasses shall be allowed and student writing the same paper shall not sit side by side.
  3. No candidate is allowed to enter the examination hall sixty 960) minutes after the examination hall is prohibited.
  4. Students are not allowed to tear any paper from either the question paper or answer script for any purpose including rough work.  All rough works must be done at the back of his/her answer scripts and then be cancelled.  No rough work is permitted on the question paper on the desk at his or palm or anything else other than the answer scrip.
  5. No student wishing to draw the attention            of invigilators to  any particular issue shall do only by raising his/her hand.
  6. No alteration or cancellation is allowed on the registration number and blank spaces must be ruled across by students.
  7. All students in the examination hall entitled to sign the attendance shall I.D cards to the invigilator who will then sign your answer script indication that you are presence in the examination day.
  8. Student shall ensure that they enter the question attempted in the appropriate columns on the front cover of the script.
  9. Student must rule across all blank spaces of the examination answer booklets used during the examination i.e. either by cheating, copying, using material etc other than the one specified.

 

 

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objectives of this study are

  1. To find out whether examination malpractice depend on sex, school, academic level.
  2. To determine whether examination malpractice committee has helped to reduce examination malpractice in IMT.
  3. To know the commonest examination practice in IMT
  4. To determine the school/faculty that indulges most in examination malpractice in IMT and suggest why.
  5. To suggest its effect on the standard of education for example on IMT and to suggest ways of minimizing them.
  6. To find out whether lecturers has contributed to the examination.

 

1.4     STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

 

 

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THE EFFECT OF SECRET CULTS IN OUR TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS (A CASE STUDY OF I.M.T ENUGU)

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THE EFFECT OF SECRET CULTS IN OUR TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS (A CASE STUDY OF I.M.T ENUGU)

 

 

 

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ABSTRACT

 

The objective of the study is to ascertain the effect of secret cult in our tertiary institution.

It equally looks the actions of the members of the different secret cults.

In other to achieve this, I made use of students, lectures, Administrative staff of institutes of management and technology, Enugu.

A questionnaire measuring the factors or effects of students involvement in secret cult was administered on the subjects.

In the use of mean and percentage scores to find out if any of the factors domains would be perceived as the major effects of students involvement in secret cult of I.M.T, Enugu. I discovered that the academic factor and the economic factors ranked it and 2nd respectively as the major causes.

And in the use of chi-square to find out the perception of the judges on the effects of secret cult, I found that the hypothesis which says that there is no professional bias among the judges is accepted since the calculated X24.365 < 12.6, which implies that there is no professional bias among the judges.

Recommendations where also made on how to curb the menace of secret cult from our universities.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • General overview
  • Objective of the study
  • Significant of the study
  • Scope and limitation of the study
  • Research problems

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

  • Method of data collection
  • Sources of data
  • Method of investigation

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation and analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion and recommendations

Bibliography

Questionnaire

 


CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

  • GENERAL OVERVIEW

Whenever the story of secret cults in our tertiary institutions today is told it is always synonymous with blackmail and intimidation, torror, panic and pandemonium often resulting in Wreckages and Wanton Blord letting.

In the media, one hears cases of female students being raped here and there, other students loosing their lives as rival cult groups clash, cars and apartments belonging to lecturers and school authorities being burnt down, threats, counter threats and extortion of money and materials from fellow students by cult members.

 

Infact, the manner of violence often exhibited by these cult groups on campus would surprise horror movie actors and made nonsense of the tactics of guerilla terrorist.

 

Ironically, any of these cults some of which had been in existence close to four decades, where in the first place established by people who in their own rights or good and responsible citizens of this country. Many of founding fetters are now renowned internationals figures, world acclaimed intellectuals and achievers one right then begin to wonder as to why such great personalities could have had a hand in the laying of fiber eggs that eventually hatched and are now rampaging and threatening to bring our school system down to its foundations.

 

Interestingly, many of them now utilize every forum they attend to disown and totally disclaim these clandestine societies whose activities they say negate the spirit and circumstances for which they were put in place originally. They would tell all those who cared to listen that the secret campus cults as we known them today had not always been “secret” both in membership and operation and that they were at inception set up to highlight and protect the interest of students from evil intentions of some mischievous lectures who would victimize students in one way or the other.

 

How them did these seemingly harmless students, clubs and societies come to metamorphose into cheques of criminal banditry and devitish gangster ion. From the foregoing, it does appear that in forming these cults, their founding fathers probably did not reckon with the devastating effects their actions would later have on the society and the nations educational system. It could as well be that there are more to the situation than the public would be made to know.

Whichever way it is, the fact is that the seed of fire planted decades ago has now grown into a dangerous and uncontrollable wild fire. Gradually, the entire society is earring into the bite of this cankerworm which has continued to eat deeper and deeper everyday. Unfortunately the prey to this cult activities are the youths presented to be heir-apparent to the leadership of this country. If we fail in our guest to find the solution now, what kind of leadership would the youths of today offer the nation tomorrow? Some of them have left school and agree now to mixed with the society. The bad signs are already showing

 

Everybody now feel concerned and it is good that social organizations, religious groups and public spirited individuals are making frantic efforts to eliminate secret cult activities from our campuses. The government on the other hand had emaciated laws and legislations to check the ugly phenomenon security agent have as well been arresting and persecuting some cult members as deterrents to others.

 

But as all those were going on, campus cults seem to be going more ground and rings round themselves making their members. Untouchable perhaps we are not trying enough or that we are just wasting efforts at the wrong direction.

 

Why is it that the membership of these cults is often drawn from the children of the shakers and movers of the society or from the sons and relations of men and women at the corridors of power and influence? Some of these children have never known violence before they left their homes for the school. Why is it also that not even the several laws and legislations in existence nor the arrests and prosecution cult members were able to deter them? r what is so mysterious about these cults that members and former members are always afraid to reveal anything to non-members even at gum points. Moreover, are there some existing pips in the lives of these youths which are neglected and which they sought to fill in their own ways.

This research work takes a close and critical look at all these and more the write-up is quite incisive though by no mean exhaustive.

 

 

  • OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to examine the major effects of student’s involvement in campus cults. It is often said that the tertiary institution is an intellectual bakery. This study tries to find out the true position of the statement in our schools. Special emphasis is therefore placed on the effects of cult activities in our tertiary institution. Attention is also paid to the impact on the lives of the youths involved both as special elements, as students and as leaders of the forthcoming generation.

In other words, the researchers bring to light the immediate and future consequences of campus cults on the society.

 

 

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Much effort is begin put into finding lasting solutions to the menace of secret societies in our schools. Perhaps there are areas that need to be checked out to ensure that in finding the solutions, the society is not just treating a sickness without first diagnosing the systems. This study mighty as well provides the missing link. It tries to do this by promoting out some of the hitherto neglected long-term effects of students involvement in secret cults and by showing the forces keeping these cults alive in schools are very much far beyond the school building.

 

 

  • SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The researchers of this project’s involvement in cults are not enough. That is why I went further to cover both the reasons for students involvement and remedies to the problem. The process of finding out these reasons threw up some interesting and challenging experience which are quite intringing as they are controversial.

 

I further limited my study to cover the beginning of this decade till date. The period is particularly significant because it is the most crisis-ridden era in the history of secret societies in our tertiary institutions. Besides had to concentrate my research on I.M.T due to logistic reasons.

 

 

  • RESEARCH PROBLEMS

In writing the project, I encountered several problems among which are the following:-

  1. a) Scarcity of research materials – due to the sensitive of the topic and the newness of the subject, it is virtually impossible to come by publications which dealt on the issue. It appears that not many writers are interested in writing books or journals in it.

Again, most respondents where too reserved to co-operate with me. The first impression they get is that I am security informants and agents are commonly trying to extract implicating confessions from them. It took a lot of persuasions and self-identifications to get people to open up. Infact I had to juggle my questionnaire several times before I could get student respondents to it.

  1. b) Finance – One major handicap that weighted heavily on me is that of money. Consequently could not visit many of the places I would have very much loved to visit.

The cost of stationers and typing materials has also risen outrageously. At a front I had to reduce the numbers of illustration in the text to save typing cost.

 

 

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TIME SERIES ANALYSIS ON THE REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ASABA DELTA STATE 1993-2002)

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TIME SERIES ANALYSIS ON THE REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ASABA DELTA STATE 1993-2002)

 

 

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ABSTRACT

This project is based on time series analysis of quarterly registration of motor vehicles in Asaba Delta-state (1993 –2002) the whole project is divided into five chapters.Chapter one, deals with the introduction aspect of the study. Chapter two, the literature review, makes reference to other people’s work that are similar to this study.

Chapter three and four of this project work deal with the analysis of the time series data collected, filling of models, identification, forecasting.

Chapter five, consists of finding, conclusions and recommendation.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                      

  • Background of the study 1
  • Purpose of study 3
  • Significance of the study 3
  • Limitation 4
  • Scope of study 4

CHAPTER TWO                                                                                               

Literature review                                                                               5

CHAPTER THREE                                                                                 

Research methodology                                                                      8

3.0     Introduction                                                                                      8

  • Source of data           8
  • Data analysis techniques 9
  • Time series analysis 9

CHAPTER FOUR                                                                                    

4.0   Data presentation and analysis                                                         14

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                               

  • Findings 26
  • Conclusion 26
  • Recommendation 27

Appendix                                                                                         28

Bibliography                                                                                     29

 

 


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Motor vehicle evolves from the horse drawn carriage, it’s near relative from the horse drawn carriage, it near relative the stream carriage and perhaps the 19th century tricycle, but as the year went by gradually. Lost it likeness to any of it progenitor. All these at each stage of development were each used for transportation which help to limit and eventually abandon the use of animals and foot for transportation.

 

Every vehicle kept or used on, only public road must be registered and the appropriate vehicle license fee paid in respect of it. This is done by applying for a motor vehicle license.

 

The board of internal revenue which was known to be the revenue division of ministry of finance is the authority responsible for the insurance of vehicle license in the state. This board has motor licensing office in the various local government areas and the licensing offices in the various local government areas gives the monthly report to the state board.

 

There are two classes of vehicles which can be registered. They are the one that is import from outside the country or manufacture in the country that needed a change of registration for the new national identification scheme. the former require the former to fill the national motor vehicle administration form in duplicate signed by the customer. The document will be sent to the motor licensing officer in charge to verify the genuity of the document. If they are confirmed to be genuine, he will ask for two passport of the customer and mandate a registration clerk to register the vehicle before he signs. The customers pay the registration fee depending on the type of vehicle and the national vehicle administration form (N.V.A.F) is forward to the road safety commission for filling.

 

While the later is supervised by the federal road safety commission filling. The local government council will require all the vehicles to change their number plate and request for registration. General motor receipt each of which is to be photocopied in duplicate, the four copies of the (N.M.V.F) form will be filled and present to the motor vehicle licensing office for verification before mandating the registration clerk to register.

 

This registration exercise help the customer and the police to recover his/her vehicle if lost, it safe guide us against security purpose, easy identification, uniformity and revenue collection which is the source of our national income.

 

 

  • PURPOSE OF STUDY
  1. To determine the trend of registration of motor vehicle in Asaba, Delta state from the year 1993 – 2002.
  2. To forecast the number of motor vehicle registered in Asaba, Delta state for 2003 – 2004
  3. To make recommendation and conclusion on the registration of motor vehicle in Asaba, Delta state

 

 

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this research will help to establish the performance of the scheme and to find out about operational problem facing the registration system. This research work will give the internal revenue board to introduce measure and policies that will encourage the registration officers to run the operations it will also review the operation and activities of the board of internal revenue through which improvement can be accomplished and serves as a reference point to future researchers.

 

 

  • LIMITATION

Due to the high cost of transportation, lack of sufficient time series analysis and other problem that might have confronted the researcher, it become imperative to get the best and of a rather difficult and challenging situation

  • SCOPE OF STUDY

The researcher will focus his research on Asaba Area of Delta- state. This will enhance an indebt study which may be duplicated in other place by other researchers, to confirm or disapprove it’s kindling. In this study only the time series analysis of the registration of motor vehicle is considered.

 

 

 

Continue reading TIME SERIES ANALYSIS ON THE REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ASABA DELTA STATE 1993-2002) →