PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF OPERATING A SMALL SCALE BUSINESS IN ENUGU METROPOLIS

(A CASE STUDY OF GRAND METROPOLES HOTEL, ENUGU)

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ABSTRACT

This research work is a very crucial study for the managers and prospective owners of Small Scale Hotel.  The study has motivated by the diminishing state of the hotels and also the prospects.

To solve the research problem, both the primary and secondary data were collected.  The research instrument used in collecting the data were questionnaire, oral interview and field visits.  The respondents comprises of the owners, managers and workers Small Scale Hotels in Enugu.

In organizing and presenting data collected, tables and percentages were used.  The various hypothesis were tested using the chi-square.

1. Most of the respondents rated the performance of hotels as being below standard and easily sheet down.
2. Most of the respondents rated the hotels and yielding profits with bright future.
3. Most of the respondents between most operators of the hotel are illiterates, has little money and keep no records of business.
4. Base on findings, the researcher recommend that:

• All hotels and prospects ones should study the proposed sight of their business before location. i.e proper financial records should be kept e.g the cash book

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
• SCOPE OF THE STUDY
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
• DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER TWO:         

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• DEFINITION OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESS
• WHY PEOPLE WANT TO GO INTO BUSINESS OWNERSHIP
• SCOPE OF SMALL SCALE BUSINESS
• TOLE OF SMALL
• SOURCES OF FUND FOR SMALL SCALE BUSINESS
• GOVERNMENT COMMITMENT TO ENCOURAGES THE SMALL SCALE BUSINESS ENTERPRISES
• FEASIBILITY STUDY
• PROBLEMS OF SMALL SCALE ENTERPRISES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER THREE:     

RESEARCH DESIGN

• AREA OF THE STUDY
• POPULATION OF THE STUDY
• SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE TECHNIQUES
• INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
• VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT
• RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
• METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
• METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FOUR:       

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
• TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
• SUMMARY OF RESULT

CHAPTER FIVE:         

DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

• DISCUSSION OF RESULT/FINDINGS
• CONCLUSION
• IMPLICATIONS OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS
• RECOMMENDATIONS
• SUGGESTIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX:   QUESTIONNAIRES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Hotel business of what could be described as small scale hotel business started as a result of movement of people from one place or town to another.  These movement are categorized in:-

1. Movement which one locality or town for example going to work from one’s house within the same city or from one’s city to another.
2. Movement from one town to another like in the case of Ogui migration where there is an exodus of the people from rural area to the developed Ogui area. In this case, people concerned to go out for greener pasture like looking for better jobs and business.
3. Movement from one country to another for wither business, study or search for better jobs.
4. Movement to places of interest like – the Olumo Rocks in Abeokuta or Yoruba game reserve.

In 7course of these movement, it has not been easy for people to carry along the required quantity of food and drinks that would last them the length of time they would stay outside their homes.  The instructive desire to help in feeding of these group of travelers brought about the business of hotels.

Before the 15^th century, what used to be called inns existed in Europe.  These were place where travelers called spend a night or two or even more and were served food and drinks at a cost.  The inns were merely remedy by inn-keepers between 1750-1850, the year of industrial revolution, the business of hotels became a common thing all over Europe.

In Nigeria, the business is beleected to have started with the arrival of Europeans into the country.  Before the Europeans, all travelers woe only cafered for by their hoppetabeo natures.  Travelers who come to peace mission were virtually carried for by their hosts.  These Europeans or their guide had to make do with the local food which brought about some kind of exchange process.

As this process continued, it dawned on the local people that food could be prepared and sold to these travelers who moved from one place to another.  This was the early shape of hotels unfit it grew to its present standard which was made possible by the attendant development of the country by the presence of the Europeans.

However, the small scale business may not be said to have attained its height in hotel management and its operations due to the difference in tradition and cactane in Nigeria.  The different ethnic groups or race have their favante dishes some of these dishes are beginning to gain national acceptances, while others are steel confined to their local use by the people concerned.  For instance garri is more or less a national food because majority of Nigerian do eat it.  One the other hand, “Tuoo” for instance still remain the food for the Northern part of the country.

Hotels plays very important role in the economic activities of the country because almost all business endeavour depends on hotel foundation eats across feeding the work force of the economy.

Besides the fact remains that a good number of hotels in Nigeria needs better operations and management.  These observation daily considers the cactaral background and ethnic difference in the country, the problems and prospects of operating and managing hotels in Nigeria therefore are what this research is all about.  In order to accomplish this study some hotel in Ogui Enugu has been selected as a case study.

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Government of Federal State and Local levels have set agencies that are specifically changed with providing funds and other services for the small scale business people.  The purpose of establishing these support agencies by government is to encourage the rapid development of small or medium scale industries in the country for government want to encourage school levels to establish their own small business or unemployment and for economic development.

These support agencies are National Directorate of Employment (NDE), Funds for Small Scale Industries (FSSI) and National Economic Reconstruction Funds (NERFUND)

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AN ASSESSMENT OF RISK MANAGEMENT AND CREDIT ADMINISTRATION IN UNION BANK NIGERIA PLC, KADUNA

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ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Risk Management is the identification assessment and prioritization of risks. It is the effect of uncertainty on objectives, whether positive or negative followed by coordinated and economic of application of resources to monitor and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities (Okeh, 2006).

The survival of every commercial bank depends on its ability to manage its risks and loans or advance portfolio effectively. However in the recent past, commercial banks in Nigeria witnessed rising non-performing credit portfolios and these significantly contributed to the financial distress in the banking sector.

Financial organization need to manage the credit risk inherent in the entire portfolio as well as the risk in individual credit or transaction. This is so because the survival and ability of financial institution to compete depend on their ability to profitability and manage credit risk. This is the reasons why lending is based on the two fundamental products of banking: money and information. Banks obtain these products from customers themselves by offering customer valuable services. They package money and information about their borrowers together with valuable banking services to create loan agreements and sell the loan agreements back to their customers (Hempel and Simonson, 2007).

As such, risk rating system in financial institution contains both objective and subjective elements. Objective aspect are based on financial statements and application of certain financial ratio that reflect liquidity, leverage and earnings. Despite the requirement that risk be quantified, risk rating systems always have a subjective dimension that attempts to capture intangibles such as the quality of management, the borrower’s status within the industry, and the quality of financial reporting. These subjective items may result in inconsistencies.

It is in this regard that many financial institutions have faced difficulties over the years arising from their inability to effectively manage credit risk. As such the major cause of serious banking problems continues to be directly related to tax credit standard for borrowers and counterparties, poor portfolio risk management, or lack of attention lead to a deterioration in the credit standard of a bank’s counterparties. Hence, the need to investigate the subject matter of this research becomes imperative.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

Commercial banks in the recent past witness rising non-performing credit portfolios sequel to the inability of their management to effectively manage risk and credit administration. That problem resulted to high bad debts in commercial bank and a number of other commercial banks were classified as distressed banks by the monetary authorities.

Consequently, the need to examine the subject matter: An Assessment of risk management and credit administration in Union Bank Plc, Kaduna Main branch becomes worthy of

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TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS IN MULTI-CAMPUSES IN HIGHER INSTITUTION OF LEARNING AND THEIR POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS.

  (A CASE STUDY OF I.M.T ENUGU).

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ABSTRACT

The study has the aim of elaborating on some of the causes of transportation problems in multi-campuses in higher institutions of learning and their possible solution.

The method of research used to collect information for the study is secondary source, with the help of secondary source, the researcher was able to ascertain some of the causes of transportation’s problem in multi-campuses in higher institutions of learning such as bad road etc and their possible solution.

Based on these findings, useful suggestions were equally made on how to solve the problem of transportation in multi-campuses.  Some of these suggestions include proper management, re-orientation, abolition of multi-campuses system etc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction

1.1     General background to the subject matter

• Problems associated with the subject matter
• The problems that the study will be concerned with
• The Importance of the studying the area
• Definition of important terms
• Reference

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review

2.1     School of Thought within the subject area

• The origin of the subject area
• The School of Thought relevant to the problem of study
• Different methods of studying the problem
• Summary
• Reference

CHAPTER THREE:

• Conclusion

3.1     Data presentation (Highlights of the subject)

• Analysis of the Data
• Recommendation
• Conclusions
• References

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

Life expectancy has never met anyone without some hitches.  This is a result of the unclear nature of the world we are in.

Transportation case, is not an exception, in schools or in the commercial sector, transportation has been a major stumbling block to economic growth.

In our higher institution, especially the multi-campuses, this has gained lots of havoc to the human resource development.  This becomes more complex when it has been confirmed that almost nothing is done to alleviate the problem by the authority that be.

Education is one of the greatest assets for any nation.  It is a long run profitable venture for any nation.  Transport to say is the knitting needle with which every other national affair is being brought together and education is not an exception.  Due to its prime importance to bringing people in different location together, its negative effect has deterred the advancement of education in higher institutions especially the multi-campus ones.  But it, students can go to school and to their home especially for non residential institution or movement from one of the campus to the other.

This project will go into in-depth investigation to find out the causes of this transportation problem in our campuses and possible way out of the problem(s).  A case study is the Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu, Enugu State.

At the end of the study, revelations shall be made on how to improve the transportation problem(s) of the multi-campus institution in our nation.

1.1     OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION/GENERAL BACKGROUND TO SUBJECT MATTER:

MODES OF TRANSPORTATION:

The movement of resources, be it human or material is a location of plenty to that of absent or vice versa has unique mode.

The modes of transportation among other includes:

(i)      Land transportation

(ii)     Water transportation

(iii)    Air transportation

(i)      LAND TRANSPORTATION:

This form of transport has been as old as man.  People, goods and services are conveyed from one place to another by land.  This started with long distance transport on foot followed by the use of animals as Horse and Donkeys for carrying loads.  Over the years, as man ingenuity to form the earth to his taste increases, he continues to develop easy and faster modes of land transportation.  Amongst these are road transportation and rail transportation.

(ii)     WATER TRANSPORTATION:

Is the means of carrying goods and services, people from one location to another by water.  This is achieved by means of liners, canoes, ships, engine boat etc.  It could be within a country (nation) or between two or more countries (international).

In international water transportation, ocean liners, or streamers and tramp liner are used, and it takes place on high seas, oceans and big risers.  National is within the water mass of the country; here we have lances, canoes, and engine boats as the transportation means.

Transportation by water is very good and efficient in making long distant Journey.  It is most convenient in carrying bulky goods. The weight of goods carried by this means far outweighs any other form of transportation.

(iii)    AIR TRANSPORTATION:

This started with the invention of airplane and helicopter and first flown by the WRIGHT BROTHERS.  This form is in no doubt the height of means ingenuity to making transportation much more effective, efficient and faster.  It is fastest, align much more effective, efficient and fastest.  It is fastest, safer and can convey both people, goods and mail at ease.  Bulky goods are also flown into air without a do.  It makes the farthest distance ever.  International travels are made in hours, and minutes.  Presently, homage is being paid to other plants like mars, Jupiter etc by an advanced country from aeroplane called space craft.

• PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSPORTATION:

Life is never a mary-go round affair.  At one in or the other, unwanted events stand on the way of progress.  Transportation also face the same fate.  Amongst the problems of transportation are:

(a)      Lack of Good Road:

This as a result, great extent militate road transportation case.  Our roads are too bad for the vehicle that plays in them.  During the season, most of them are so worst that no vehicle can pass, they become barriers in certain places if any driver insist on crossing over, his vehicle with either sink of fail into it and he would have himself to blame.

(b)     Weather:

Weather according to Oxford Advanced Learners of current English defines weather as the climates condition of a place over a period of time.  Weather in

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CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF MTN MOBILE COMMUNICATION NIGERIA LTD. KADUNA MAIN BRANCH

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ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1. Background to the Study

Corporate governance is concerned with ways in which all parties interested in the well-being of the firm (the stakeholders) attempt to ensure that managers and other insiders take measures or adopt mechanisms that safeguard the interests of the stakeholders. Such measures are necessitated by the separation of ownership from management, an increasingly vital feature of the modern firm. A typical firm is characterized by numerous owners having no management function, and managers with no equity interest in the firm. Shareholders, or owners of equity, are generally large in number, and an average shareholder controls a minute proportion of the shares of the firm. This gives rise to the tendency for such a shareholder to take no interest in the monitoring of managers, who, left to themselves, may pursue interests different from those of the owners of equity. For example, the managers might take steps to increase the size of the firm and, often, their pay, although that may not necessarily raise the firm’s profit, the major concern of the shareholder.

Corporate governance issues in both the private and public sectors have become a popular discussion in recent time. There have been some legislative changes and provisions imposed by governments on public and private organizations around the world to improve on their governance arrangements. Telecommunication sector in Nigeria have been one of the ‘interests caught up in the national surge in governance of organizations’

 Particularly in Nigeria, governance issues such as size and composition of board of directors and their roles, responsibilities and relationships have been discussed in several Government business policy reports for more than a decade.

Corporate governance can simply be defined as the system by which companies are directed and controlled which focuses on the “hygiene” and “housekeeping” aspects of running a business. As such, corporate governance can be seen as a set of relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders that provides a structure through which the objectives of the company are set and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance are determined.

Corporate governance issues are as old as companies themselves. At its broadest, it concerns the question of who should own and control the company and at the narrowest; it concerns the relationship between the shareholders and directors.

Many a research has been carried out world over to unearth the impact of the corporate governance on listed firms as well as correct and good practice of corporate governance in developing countries.

However Nigeria have been faced with a myriad of issues, ranging from “underdeveloped and illiquid stock markets, economic uncertainties, weak legal controls and investor protection, and frequent government intervention and coupled with poor economic performance, a predominance of concentrated shareholding and controlling ownership Therefore, Nigeria demand higher levels of effective corporate governance practices.

However, until quite recently the issue of corporate governance has received minimal attention in Nigeria. This is the reason why, many corporate organizations have been caught of getting involved in unethical practices. For example, seven top Bank executives in Nigeria that were discovered to be involved in one of the highest financial scam in the nation’s banking industry, after the CBN consolidation exercise ; which has put the credibility of their corporate image under suspicion, and threatening investors’ confidence.

Therefore an important theme of corporate governance in this regard is the nature and extent of accountability of people in the business and mechanisms that try to decrease the principal agent problem. Consequently, corporate governance mechanism has been a crucial issue under discussion with vested interest. It is against this background that the researchers see the subject matter; corporate governance and its impact on the management of Mobile Telecommunication Nig. Ltd Main Branch as an issue worthy of being investigated.

1. Statement of Problem

There has been considerable discussion in the academic literature of corporate governance especially managerial agency problems that arise from the separation of ownership and control. For example, Jensen and Meckling (2006) opined that a number of corporate governance mechanisms have been proposed to ameliorate this agency problem between managers and their shareholders. The proposed governance mechanisms include, for example, CEO incentive compensation, managerial ownership, monitoring by large shareholders,

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